¹⻪ -- EconomicsĶ
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 : Alchian (~~Hayek֮), : economics
  : 羭ð̵㣨£
վ: ¹⻪վ (Sun Aug 20 09:53:35 2000) , վż

羭ð̵㣨£
ŷˣӵ͹Ȳ

ŷͳƾһϵоָŷ˾ǰһʱڵĵ͹𲽻
ŷ˾÷֮Ƶĵ¹ͷҲ䲻ľָ˾
ơŷ˾õķչȻݱŹ
򾭼ô羭гȲ̬ơ
 ŷͳƾ֣£շʧҵʱʾŷԪꣶ·ݵʧҵʴӣµ
½ŷˣʧҵʴӽꣵµģ½
ȥꣶȣŷԪŷ˵ʧҵʷֱ½ˣٷֵ㣬Ҳ
꣸ŷ˴ﵽʧҵˮƽӳŷ徭Ѿֺת
ͷ
 ͳƣ·ŷԪʧҵ˿ΪŷˣΪ򡣽ꣲ
ʱŷ˵ʧҵ˿Ϊ򣬶ȥΪ˵ŷ˵ͳһҵ
ѿʼЧŷ˵ʧҵ𲽵õ⡣
 ŷˣ÷չˮƽһ÷չҲͬ徭ָ겢
˹衣磷ҵУŷУ¹ŷ
ԪڣӢŷԪ֮⣬ŷԪԼ·⣳ľ
ӢľŷԪԵĲ졣ϰŷΪĹҵ
ָŷԪĹҵָʳơꣵ·
룴·ȣŷ˹ҵŷԪҵһˮƽ
ڳ
 𽥸յŷ˾ôʹ徭ָԽꣵΪ
ҵָ걣ȶŷˣ岻䣬ŷԪһٷֵ㣬еͷ
ԣֱӣͣٷֵ㣬ͬڼˣٷֵ㣺
ָҪԾָȫõĵ¹ԾƵ
ԤʹҵԵͬʱŷԪۺϾָ±
ȶŷָ½
 ŷȥ꣱£ƳŷԪŷԪѾʾ÷չơĿǰŷԪ
û̬ãĲֳ½ͨʼյõЧĿơ
ŷԪƳڲ³ۻʱʾŷԪǿҵ᲻
ӡǿŷеǱַͨ͵ľ
 ȻŷеĻĿҪ֤ȶԽͨʵ
Ŀ޶ڣˣΪﵽЧͨ͵Ŀģŷȥڣȿʼ
Ѿʡ֮һʹɱӣĳ̶ֳѹ˾øյ
ꣶ£ŷͨʹͨϣŷԪͨ
ˣﵽһʹͨŷԪ״ͻ
ƶģĿޡŷ˾רΪͨѸҪԭԭͼ۸
ǺŷԪʵĳµ
 ڴ£ŷίԱشٳԱʵʩṹԾøĸرӰ
۵ĹؼòŵĸĸͬʱŷжشŷԪϽƶȵĸĸ
ΪΪĿǰŷ˵Ͻƶȸϲ˿ϻٶȣδʮ꽫Ƕŷ
˳Աߵľ޴սеδȻ޷
ծ񸺵
 ϰŷ˾á¹ͷķչŷľò¹
ΪŷԪڵһôһϵ֤ʵ˾ͷҵָ
ڣ·ݴﵽˮƽ·ݹҵָҲﵽˣꣳ
ˮƽΪ
 ¹·ݹҵȣµ·ݵʧҵʴӣµģ
Ϊ¹ʵڡŷԪõľ״
¹ĳڲƷرڵĶȫͶгҲ
͵ٴδٽʵ֤¹ľøͷá
 Ҳ˾ÿٷչĹԵ֤ʧҵʴ½ҵĽӽ
ʷߵ㡣ʧҵʴȥꣶµģꣶµģԣ
꣹ˮƽ
 Ĵҵ߼ˣˣͬʱҵϣҵ͹ҵŵľ
ҵʶӣҵָҲﵽ˾˵ˮƽҵָӣ·ݵģ
·ݵģԣֵ꣱
 ѧΪԵġѵ;ѾȡŷԪٳɵĳڵ
õĸաͬʱĺ;ҵĹؼһԽԽ͹гʧҵ
½ģһٽѣҲ˵裬Ӷγ
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 ¹ͷǿȻƶŷ˾üٷչó֯ŷ
˵ľñָŷ˹ҽľʿﵽȥꣲ
ó֯Ϊŷ˶ͨѶͽڷгĽһԼŷԪ
ĻýƶÿָΪʹھҵҲõ
ŷ˹ҽнṹԾøĸǱҪġ
¹չ̬ʮ겻

ȥ°𣬵¹߳˥ˣ𲽻ϰͷԡ
¹о·ıƣ¹Ŀǰ÷չ̬ơǽ
ûйġ
 ϰ꣬¹÷չҪڣʢҵָӿ졢
ѳԡͶӡʧҵټ۸ȶ
 ȷ¹оصáݵ¹ò·ݷľ
ñ棬ǰ£¹ĳڶȥͬˣ
 ڳתֱӴ˵¹ҵĻָΪ¹ҵ֧֮һĻѧ
ҵ޾ΣӰ죬ȶչ֮·ԤƽȽﵽ
¹ҵһ֧еҵҲֺתϰָͷǿҪ
ΪࡣһȽӵĶȥͬˣⶩ
£еҵӵĹⶩȥͬԼ¹
ҵ˽ĸҲʼ¹ĹҵԸ
ҵƷڱҲɣʱģĿǰģ
 ʹ¹÷չһҪǣѰ档
ڶȣ¹ѵʵɵһʱģר
ƣŵڣ׶˰Ĺչǵ뻹õӦߣ
һƶ
 ûļǿ˰ոĸڵһЩøĸʩЧҲǿ˵¹
ͶʵҵͶ𽥻ԾԵ¹ֱͶʸͣ˽
ֿ֮ʼӡϰ꣬ҵ沢ڵĹԵͶ
ߴˡԶԶȥǰꣵںͣ˵ˮƽ
 ǰ£¹ۻȶŷԪƣʹ¹ڳɱӣ
ǽʯͼ۸Ǹ˵¹ͨ͵Ѷȡ¹ͨˮƽԱ
ŷй涨ģľڡ
 ¹ýϰֵóƵǾҵԺתʧҵ½ͣӣ
ʱģһֱˣ·ʱģŵ¹ļ٣ʧҵ⻹
õһ⡣ԤƵף¹ʧҵ˿ڽȥĽ½
£ʧҵʽɣΪ
 רǹƣ¹Ŀǰõľͷꡣ¹
о£շ棬Ԥ¹ý
һߵ
 Ŀǰ¹÷չҪǣŸøĸƽĸĸƻ
ҲڼӴǸĸҽƸĸƶȸĸȹϵ
ĸءǵ¹¼ҵչѾ˵¹ĿƼ
ʵλ½ߣʯͼ۸Ӹ߲¶Ե¹ͨȶŬҲγ˾
ѹЩزڵ¹ü÷չ
ʼȫת

һв룬˺ǿͷս
ǿͬʱõóҲڰԭȵǻר
ΪĿǰѽ롰ȫת״̬
 һȣĹֵһˣһ
ЩʿϡԤƣһȵľʽȥļȣ
ˮƽϡڶȺ󣬷Լӿ졣ݷȫͳ
ƺ;оԤ⣬ڶȵʽﵽ͵ļԿڣ
ȫʵ֣ȥꣲ
 һõġ衣ھҵ󣬼֮
ȡ˼˰ʩļͥѿ֧ӡϰ꣬ͥƳƷ
ѿ֧ȥͬˣУڼͥľߴԵĸС
ͬȾĴ̼£ҵͶҲõ
ͷ𼾳Ԥƽȫ귨ļͥѿ֧ȥӣҵ̶
ͶʽӣԾŹؼ

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õ˻꣬޽Σ̬ĺӰ죬ó
ͣͣǰµĳڶһֱǻڣڷ¡·ݣ
ĳֻڶﵽڷɣӣȫͳ
;оԤ⣬ⲿĴ£귨ĳڽȥ
ȻʢԤƽвڶԾӰ졣
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˲ɺӵĴáꡰ¾áŴֵռ
ֵģԤһؽ꽫
 رֵעǷڵͨ͡ʧҵʵȡõġ
 Ŀǰһڵĸߵϡȫͳƺ;о
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 ܵ˵ũҵԤʳɴֱ֣ǰ
ȥӣֺ֣ͣԽУȱڡ
 ϰ꣬˹óܶԪгڣԪ
ڣԪ˳ߴԪͬһ
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 ״ԺתԤȫɴ¬¬ϣԪ
Ԥ涨Ķࣲ¬¬ͬԪıȼ۴ӽꣳ֮ģ
ȣĿǰģȣѮһƽ㴢Ԫ
Σ߼¼£չ
Զ˹żԭȵģãããΪ£ȶ ϰ
˹״ĺתҪξȶиִд̼
ķ룬ΪͬʱгԴ۸Ӹ߲£ΪԴ
ڴĶ˹ͨ͵ѹǣýʿָ
ýṹĸȻûнĿǰľ൱̶ⲿ
أ·ݵٶǣԤȫֵԿɴﵽ
ͨʲڣ
 ΪʹóװΣʵˣ˹ƶˣᾭ÷չ
սԣڣµͨ
 ļ󣱣ֵΪӣ
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޹ҽϰ꾭ϲǡһ棬޹Ѱѣ
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 ˹ӣ꾭ʴﵽʡƻ
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òµ
 ״ѽʣɶдƣӶҵ
ŴͬʱӣԪסͣԪס
Ԥƽ˹ӳ룷ԪڣԪȫͨʣ

鶼˹꾭øϰ꾭Ժתͷ¾
Ԥȫ
 鶼˹ϰ˸߸ծƻծᡣծܶ
Ԫüƻ󣬻ծӳΪ֧꣬ϢԪ
߶꾭ĿǣϰƽֻУ
Ϊȥͬڵһ롣߶̻Ḻ˵ҵٶȾ
ȥ꣬ԭǹгƣ߹½
 ߶ͳ˹ơ˹˵ϰ꾭òԭǾ÷չ
Ŀǰڵͳ˵һȹֵܲȥļȣ
ʣ˵ڻգ꾭ǰáΪ
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ƻ꾭ʴﵽܲƷ۸񲨶Ӱ죬Ҫָ
Ԥָ꣬ѽµͳ˵ڲֳڲƷ۸ʼ
ȫ꾭ʿﵽ
 ΣͳԽ꣱£ִȡһϵеʩʹ۾
ûָȶǾٶȻ
 Թڣҵĵʾϰʸռûռ
ֻУҵԭҪд٣
Ӹ߲ºͿȼ۸񲨶
 ãĿǣϰ
ʽڣ֮䣬ѽȫĿµ
 ϹίԱ᣸£շı棬ޣľʽ
ڣ֮ͣ䡣
òο

--
                Alchian ---- Hayek֮                     

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