ӱ֤ΨʷۿĻ


ʮҪȫͬ־ʶĻս壬ƶĻķչ١˼Ϊָӱ֤Ψʷ۳ӺͷĻʶĻҪԵĹؼ֮һ 

˼ʷΨΪһܷڣȾǷϺϵһܷչܷȷϵԻìܡᣬҪͨĸϵʹϵõӦĲϷչͨĸϲ㽨ʹϲ㽨õΪûĹ̺ͷչ񡣶ĸϵϲ㽨Ҫĸ˼·ĸ˼·һ˼롢һĻʶ̬ϲ㽨Ǿ˵Ļ򣬶ҾûϵԼ֮ĹϵҲĻصҪء 

ȣκһϵƣһ̬ĻĲҲ˵κһʱǣڶԼ״鼰Ϊݵ˼ܽĻϣγɹڽһϵ˼ۡ˼ۣһʱĻĻ 

ٿκһʱΪ㲻طչԼ˷չԼḶ́ΪԼĸйȻӴöȻĳ֪ʶ֪ʶȻ֪ʶȻȡӦжʵɼ˵аܲɷֵҪأһǡ֪ʶȷʵԡһǡжЧԡ涨ԣԼ붯ֿʷ֪ʶȷʵԣȻѧ͹̼ĿˣжЧԣʵܵĿˣǱ֤жЧԼıҪ棬չˮƽľݣҲһʱĻʵҪ־ְΪ˵ͶĹߵĿȻǲȫġݴˣչͱȻζҪ˵ĻʣζűչͿѧ 

ھûϲ㽨Ĺϵ˼徭ֽ͡һʷѧĽͣһЧùѧĽ͡1859꡶ξѧСԡУ˼ǷѧԭǿûԭԺ͵һԣ1990˹ǿʷЧĺãǿϲ㽨ԾûһķáֽͲìܣֻǴӲͬĽǶǿ˲ͬص㡣һ棬Ȼʷ̿;öᷢչĸõĹ۵㣻һ棬ʷĿ͹۱ֳ֤˵ܶԵʷչۣҲִĻϲ㽨˼롢񣩶ܶķõĹ۵㡣ڴĳһʷʱᷢչʵƶһʷʱڵķչսʱʵؿáۡԼ໥áԭȷϲ㽨Ծûܶõԭ 

Ҫ˼ǿȽȽĻлͳһĻҪᵽһµĸ߶ȣӳµʷǵĻʶЩʶ 

ĻӰִᣬĻͨ˵ĻʡƼ֪ʶˮƽͶߵĿƼˮƽϵͳˮƽΪҪص˺͹ϱֳ˵ûĻûһӽѧѧ˵ʵĲߣͲ 

ĻӰҵھ漤ҵִУͬʲƷĻֵгϾиǿľû־κҵĴ뷢չǲܵġͬʱҪĲ㣬ǵľԽԽᾫƷռıԽԽ 

ĻӰʾ磬Ļ뾭ú໥ڣۺϹеĵλԽԽͻڹʹϵУγ˾áΡĻλһĸӸ֣ڹóУһҺ͵ĻƷҵĻʶĻƷƣĽ侺ܲɷ֡һĻĹңȻǾйʾĹҡ 

ĻҪǺ徫徫һͷչľ֧šһֻобȫ幫ϵĺļֵۣձͬĹƷʺ͹淶Ĺ빫׼򣬲п̬ܶЭڲľáΡĻԴ⡰һɢɳǿõطչԼڵӵĹʻ£徫ǿǷչйǿʢĹؼ 

