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[ժҪ] ѧչ巢չʷռҪλģʽչսԲͬµķչսԣѧҪڹ˰Ѽѭᷢչͳһ᳹ʵѧչ۱Ρ֯˼뷽ṩƺͻƱ֤

[ؼ] ѧչۣ ᷢչɣ ֵۣ Ƹĸ

ѧչй˸ĸ￪30۴Ҫĳɹ֮һҹᷢչشս˼ָ롣ΪȫѧϰʵѧչۻǱҪͼʱġ

һѰ󾭼ᷢչȷ·ļ̽ѧչģʽչ۵ͬ

쵼ƷȨƶȣ˵Ϊ˹ҸǿڵҸˣȡȨԺִĹ̽ᷢչȷ·ѰȷķչͷչսԾͳ˹ᴩ彨ʷһߡ̽У˲ٴۣҲ˷ḻľ顣

(һ)ģʽķչۺսԡ

彨ʷϵһȽϵͳķչۺͷչսԣγ2020ĩ30ɳ֮ΪģʽչۡչۣԸΪذᡱᾭãعũعҵṤҵؾãؼƻгٶЧ棬ػѣع档

ΪʲôķչսԣһڱȽľĻϽңڴڵ۹İΧ֮С˹ΪҪ򡱣Ϊˣ롰ȷչعҵǿ裻ͨͳһָԼƻãڶڸʱǿһٶȡػۡعͳΪȻˣũҵṤҵùҵķչгãӾЧ棬Ӹ桢ҲƺǺϺ߼ˡ

ȻӦÿġء롰ᡱԵġ˵ᾭò˵㾭ã˵ڶԴ;ʱϲ㽨Ծ÷չķãЩĩãѹȨҪ񣬾ýΪκ;Ŀķ񣬶ַչۺͷչսԣڵʱʷ·ӹʷã֤һʱڵȶڶڸŷңΪڶҵǿΪսʤʻ

Ƿʶȡκιͷչսȷ񣬶Ҫʱ䡢ص㡢۶ˣԻ˾Ҫ⡢ַչۺͷչսͻȱݾ񾭼ñʧرǵũҵ19531913ȣҵֵܲ18.36ũҵֵֻܲ46%ҵֵܲУ๤ҵ()һԼռ3/4๤ҵ(Ʒ)ռ1/470%Ĺҵҵйأ󳬹άҰȫıҪ޶Ⱥ޶ȡַչսԲ֡ΪһӦ֮壬ʹĸܵӰơᾭõһһ˶ѹƺƻ͵ַչԳҲڷҪԭ

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йԺҹķչսڲٷѧϰġȷչعҵķ£ʵмƻʱڣγ˳ָĶԪýṹκ;õĹϵҡ塢߹ϵϣ۵ʵִеķ롢߶ͬʮơ1956꣬ë󶫷ˡʮϵΪ䣬ũ߹ϵضũͶʱùҡ塢߹ϵԼطýһϵйϵ⣬ˣֻһͷ(μëѡ51977棬269275ҳ)꣬ëڡȷڲìܵ⡷ͳˣʵšķ͡ƻ¡⣬Ҫҹ˿һΪִ(ͬϣ387ҳ)ǶԷչۺսԵһεʵСԽ׼Ϊ١ķ룬ƫᷢչļֵ

ĸ￪Ժйʵ˷չսԵشת䣬ҪǣԽ׼ΪתԾýΪģŶķչĿꡢչչ˲ͬչ۵ĻشͨũƷ۸ũ񹤡˰ҵȰ취𲽵˹ũϵ˹ҡ塢ߵĹϵʵгϲȸȨ֡ΪִʱҹûȫѴַ͵ķչʽΪҪʮ˿ڵ±⣬ܲǿǿͿ죬ЧȡǵעױеGDPٶϡGDPܷӳԴġʧṫ̶ȡ֮йķչ·ϣһϵµͻìܺ⡣ڴ˱£йʮȫܽҹԼᷢչľѵ˼Ϊȫ桢Эɳķչۣٽá˵ȫ淢չ

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ַչ۶ڹִУΪǿγɵķչͷչսԡʷʱͬʵ鲻ͬԼĻĲַչԵҪΪ

һ彨;Ĺϵϣѧչ۰ѾýΪ񣬰ѷչΪһҪΪϲ㽨Ϊû֤õġģʽķչսԣҲӾý裬˹ֵĽ׼ǡƶǰľͨ޲׼ĲпĽ׼׼޶ȵؼǿȨʹӰ(μ˹ȫ11148149ҳ13190ҳ)ʵϰѸ׼ǿ޲׼רΪͳ˧һйĸ죬ΨɡΨȨ塱

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ģٶȺЧĹϵϣչսʵиϳսԣϳҪָƷչٶȣӾЧ棬ʵдַžӪķ룬ߵǸġЧʵ·ѧչ۰ѡֺֿáıΪֺֿ족Ҫת侭÷չʽעЧ棬ע߼߽ܻˮƽŬʵҪԴҪƼͶߡת䣬ٽ񾭼ֺֿ췢չ

壬صһĹϵϣģʽչ۳ֻصһͷӼѧչǿͳˣҪȷʶƴһϵشϵͳ緢չչᷢչȻгչڷչͶ⿪ţͳ͵طϵͳͼ桢ֲ桢ǰͳԶȵȡ⵱ȻƽʹصۣΨصۣҪȫ֡ͳ滮ҪץסǣȫֵҪȫ˲ɴ¡ڵǰᾭýУҪѽáũʼΪȫ֮أѽʮ˿ڳԷΪιͷȴ¡

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᳹ʵѧչ۵ۺʵ

ɼѧչ巢չʷȷҪĵλҲǾõģʵ϶йķչ͸ĸش

(һ)Ϊʲô˵ѧչǡѧģ

ѧչ۵ĿѧԼбڹ˰ѭᷢչ͹۹ֵͬͳһ

νѧչǾķչҪѭᷢչĿ͹۹ɡᾭ÷չĹôֵģ

ķչĽ裬һӵϵͳ̣ġᡢȷ档ÿһϵͳж͹۵ġضĵλĳһԽλλλҪɲԵĺ磬뿪ùģѡΡʶ̬ѹһеĵλᷢչͽӸϾ޴̸ᵹˣ֮κ˼Ļɿп޵ģķչͻʧȥα֤;ֶ֧ЭңҲ롣ѧչȷع涨չǵһҪ񣬾ùǷչģҲҪȫЭطչᾭýУһϵеĹϵ硢򡢾ᡢȻڷչ⿪֮Ĺϵط뼯桢ֲ桢ǰ볤Զ棬໥ϵ໥Ӱ졢໥ٽ໥ԼĹϵѧչҪȫ֣ͳһﻮػȫ氲ţѰѽϵ㣬˸档

ھУũؼڲĸţڲͬʱڡͬط͹϶Ҫһıϵţȫ桢Эܳչ

ᷢչͨԾʶͼǵʵʵֵģᷢչҪĵλáᷢչȻܰеĵλ֮ˡ˵ҪʶɺӦùɡΪΪҲΪָǹȺڣȺʷĴߣƶᷢչľԾءѧչ۵ĺΪҪʵ֡άչĸΪ͹һйĳŵ㣬Ͱѭ͹۹ִֹͬļֵۺܺõͳһʹѧԺ͡ԡһ

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йĸĸ￪ŵ֮ڷչĵ·ϳһϵµͻìܺ⣬Ҫǣƶ⣺ʵ(ڲ໹)ҵڲְͨʮʮϰٱ(2004˾GDP룬㽭ǹݵ5)йĻϵѳߣǰλ

Դͻ˾㣬йɸˮԴֱƽˮƽ40%1/4Դȱʯ͡ȻúֱΪ7.7%7.1%58.6%ҹԴȱҲͣԪGDPĺˮܺȹˮƽ߳йѧԺ20062µһսԱƣ59ҪҺ͵УйԴЧˮƽڵ54λ2006йGDPԼΪ5%ȴ1/4ĸֲġ1/3ú1/2ˮࡣ

ƻأ˵еԴôеǲתġйԼһĳˮȾأ20ȾصĴһй3ũȱϸˮ1/3Ĺ꣬1/10ĸȾȽейרΪйϾۡ

ɲĸӾìܣ谭ķչͽʹҹʺ͹ִλܵ𺦺Ӱ졣

˵ǲʱת䷢չʽתͶ롢ġŷšѭЧʵʽ´ġ´ܼšԼõأչͽΪ̣߽ܺǹڣ̸ΪǲȫƽġĽ͸ĸʹЭӦرǰԸΪصὨᵽͻλȺѧѡѡסѵ⣬̸˵ȫ淢չͽӶҲоõĳġٵķչǲߣȻṫƽڱˡĵλ󣬾ͲάĹƽ壬ֱȻӰЧʵߡǲѷڸͻλáΪشץطԸܣͲܹĺгᣬûĺгҲʵֿѧչԺŵ˵ֻмֹ᳹ʵѧչۣǵ쵼彨ҵܽ˳ǰչ

᳹ʵѧչ۵Ρ˼롢֤֯

ѧչͳᾭýָ룬᳹ʵͨǿĽ裬Ρ˼롢֯Ա֤ƪƣ̸ֻ߸Ҫ㡣

(һ)ȷۺͷۣʵѧϰϵͳۡƽۡۺ͡ΪĹ

ѧչָᾭ÷չۺͷۣҪɲȷۺͷۡΪҪȷۺ͹һϵͳۣѾáΡĻԼиҵŵķչΪһϵͳһϵеϵͳ֮໥ϵ໥Ӱ졢໥ٽ໥Լģܹ˴ʧˡƽۣƽ⡪ƽ⡪ƽ﷢չḶ́ƽǾԵģƽԵģ뿴ƽ⡢Ծֹ﷢չҪƽۡǴġǺۣ﷢չĶǵһģֻҪͳһЭɶѧгѧشת䡣Ϊ󡱡ͶͬйͳĻĹ֮һͬ˼ĺͨġ͡Ǽֵ׷һ״̬ͬǿ͹ʵʣǡԪͨ͡ԡͬìáƽֶνЭʵֵġǡΪչҪ񣬷չΪ˼ΨʷۣҲйͳĻΪᡱ˼롣Ϊ¾ٱλֳ˼Ϊ׼ֻйܳΪִΪ񡱵ȽͳΪȨ߼ȨƵĹߡ

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ѧչ۵ĵһҪǷչչҪĿΪ˸ĸ￪30ľǣĸҪϡ

һνУؼĻǽȫѧľ߻ơѧķչһҪпѧľߣڽй뿪̸пѧľߡʾ޴ľ(칫¥ѵĵ޽)Ǻ׵ģ̸Ͽѧѧ⣬ֻҪһȺڹȺ·ߣʧǿԱġеĸɲܽģߵʧĸܣʧĹؼڸԱרС

ڶȫල(رǶԲļල)ƣǽҪڡΪйгɹ̡ΪءɲеѳΪϵİгִ⡣⼯бΪ֧ڲ֧ռıڹ(2003꣬йΪ19%ձ2.38%9.9%)Ǯõȥˣõ˹˽֪Ĺдѡѳ()ϣ칫¥ѵĵȵĽϡڹҵὨͶԶϷҺͷչйңʹṫƽͻìֻܼץסɹ̣ǲ̸ܹĸ￪ŵΰɹйɫҵǰ

һƽĹԺ͸ȣ˳ӦϢ֮١ķչͽĸǿѧķչͽй2.5ڵ񣬻ΪƸĸνǿƶʹѧߣڵ֪ȨȨȨලȨʵ˿ɿʹĹ͸ΪȻķչƣҪִײԾж(ߣѧʹϵѧԺ) 

