ҹԾ÷о
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ҹԾ÷о




ժҪ

ҹ÷ǰгöչһͷҹ̷ڴ෸涨õ̷Ϊ̡ȫϳ̺ǵĽ죬̷ѧڴԹƲΪַķǷǷϳǴܵɡڶЩ۵㲢ҹܽȽϱΪӦԷϳ÷̵áڴ˻϶Թҹ÷̷ϵһЩ飬ڶҹ̷ϵ档

ؼ֡÷̣ϳ̷ϵ

һ÷Ľ綨

÷һ,ǰƵҹ˾ʵ۽ʹ,ʱصʽļСĿǰûγɱȽںʽֻһѧıҲһֱ˵硡97̷޶Ժҹѧ߶Ծ÷ʶԼһЩĿǰΪеһǾںӶԾ÷Ľ綨ѧ˵Ѿ÷¹Ϊ֣
һľ÷Ҳƴ󾭼÷ֹ۵Ϊ÷ָΥҹҵũҵڡ˰ա۸񡢺ء̡ɭ֡ˮɽȾù棬ߵԡ̡Ƿռй͹ĺϷƻ徭;ý裬ʹҡ𺦣Ӧ̷ܵΪ ֹ۵㣬÷Ӧࣺ1ƻ徭2ַƲ3ԻȡΪĿĵ
ǹľ÷Ҳо÷ֹ۵Ϊ÷ΪΥҾù棬ƻҾùΪΪְȨĲȡΪ֮÷ָһΣ徭ùϵշӦ̷ܵΪ .ֹ۵㣬÷Ҫࣺ1ƻ徭2ַƲ⣬¹涨ĳЩֺ徭ùϵķ졢ҩ¸֮
ľ÷ҲС÷ֹ۵Ϊ÷ָΪΪıȡ棬Ʒ䡢ѵȻľûʽ;ȨޣΥֱӵûķ棬Σ徭Ϊ[1]
ҪоĶַΪṫľ÷෸ֺĿ˵ֵֻҪϴ˱׼ľ÷ķӦ۷롣ݴˣΪھ÷ĸӦ˵

Ԥ÷е

԰ﷸΪݵ̷һɸϵĳν̣ͨ¿ԻơձѧָǰߵԶڵ̷ΪʹɥʧҲ֮Ϊ̡[ 2]211һἴ޿ءˣҹ߲ȡϸõߣھ÷е̹涨ΪˡȻ̵ĸֵ;÷ĸֵܷȽϡܷ൱̷Ծ÷Ƿ̵ıҪ̷ѧұڡ۷̷һ˵ʩ̴ûʹ˸Ķơʹȥоһ֯Ƿ͹[3]ֵ¼
(һ)ҹ÷ع
ҹ̷43ȷ涨ֻ񼫵ķӡһҹ̷15й涨28ΣҰȫȫ͹Ȩķ̰˽Ϊȷ̵ɱ⣬ֻǽΪõƲֶΡ̷ʵʩãΪصľ÷صΣΰķҹչشӿ·רֽâָؾ÷ͳƣ19816199510£ȫ˴ίȺͨ24̷й涨̵3748ЩΥְ⣬Ҫ·ؾ÷Щ̷涨ӣҹ̷ʵʹ̵76ռ̷ȫ֮һ̷֮15Ĺ涨28ɷϣڸĸ￪ųڣ̷˹涨ҹĹӦġȻĲϽڵ£ٴӾ÷̵ʱǻᷢĲԡ
()÷̷ϵ̵
綨ľ÷ķΧ̷ʮ־÷̾涨̣ȨǸϵȨڸ˻ȨıӦȨıرǸ˵ȨӦλãǾ򡢹˽ƲȨǹְԶڸ˵Ȩں˵ȨȽϣеȼԣҷΪֱַĿľһƶȣȨҰȫ塣Ծ÷̣б˵ֵ֮ӡˣ̷ĵȼ۷ϣԾ÷ﴦ̣Ϊʧʡ:
1̷ÿ÷̵ļֵ
1еȼԭ
ҹ̷5涨̷Ӧ뷸кͳеӦ ʹĿԾ÷д̣Υ̵ȼۡӦԭģ÷֮֮ǡȼۡĨDDֵ֮ԶڲƲֵ÷ӵһ𺦶̷̷ԭ򿴣ҲΥ̷ӦԭԼ̵ȼԭġˣַֻȨȨƵķžкԡ [4]¡Ҳй̷Ӧ̵÷ΧַȨļֵ˵ֵķķΧڡ˵й̷еӦֻĽıֱӵ¹ҷѻ߸ʵΣյΣҰȫԼսʧܵؾ·ķΧ֮ڡ̶Ӧϳ
2ӹ
Ϊﷸ̷۵㲻ӦﷸȥΪӦԤδҪ籴ţȴĹҪǶﷸ̷ݣԤȴ湫δֺҪ̷ĺ޶ȡ[5]˵̷ϼ־ԡ͵ĴۡԤͷķͼǻȡƲˣɾ÷֮ʵ̷ĹĿꡣ
3̷ǫ˼
̷ǫԣԸΪΪԡ̷ıҪԺ;ԡ̷ıҪ̷ָΪԤĽ׶ΣֶǴλֻڵ¡򾭼õֶζЧķֹʱŲ֮;̷ľָӦС̷֧Ч桪ЧԤͿƷһ˼룬ĿǰڶԪηϵУ̷ֻС󡱵ļֵ塣[6]ԵӦǵ̷ֶΣµģģϵе̷ǱֶΡֻеֶβܱʱ̷[7] 8 Ŀǰҹľ÷ҪڲƵľƺͷɼලġˣԴ෸崦̣Ӵƾƺͷɼලơ
4ӾѧĽǶȷ
һ۾ݵѧָһҵ̳ɱڻҴõ롣ʱҶ˵أһ̳ɱͶСҴлõʱζҶڸҵ̷Ȩá⣬һչй˵ϳ̻һóɱ⡣˿Ц˵йĹңϳ̣Ҫ100дһﷸƽҪ500Ԫӿʼߵоƽ10ꡣ[8]88ҹͶԶԶġҲӲ淴ӳǶԾ÷õĲ㡣 
5˵徫
̷˵Բ̷뷨ɼֵ֮һĸɵʵֹϵ֮УΪɼֵĸǹϵȨʵֵɣ̷ܰȨɴ̲˵ԡָӦȻ˵Ӧ̷ֹ⣬Ժڽ21͵Ľ죬Ϊһ̷ѧߣӦ̷ֹ۵ɡչ죬˵Ѿͨп̷ȥ׷̷Чǲġ
2ʵǶȿ÷е̷
1Ծ÷̶òǿ

ҹ1979̷ԺĲȡٶȵ塢˼֣Ϊֶε̻ȻڶڿԶƷձȻʮһֱӣƻг̰ۻ¸ȸྭ÷İʼո߾Ӳ£;÷ﲻϳ֣ش󾭼÷ﰸϷ永Ҳ󡣸ྭ÷ﰸû½̷뷸ͬġߡ棬֤Ԥ÷﷽òԣ̲ûʵҹƾ÷ĳԡ
2÷̲ϷչƼȨԼĻ
ȴ̷Ĺ涨ͳƣȫ100ңҹۡڷϻʵϷֹ̣90ƽÿ3ҷϳ̣Ŀǰȷ̵ִĹҽ70̵Ĺһ㶼̷е޶ΣҰȫͰķҹΨһһԾ÷ʵ̵Ĺҡ[9]Щϳ̵ĹҾ÷ﲢҹͻϳ̵ʱ򣬷ʲûгԵơδӹʹԼع涨ҹѾǩ𡶹ȨȨʹԼùԼ612Ĺ涨йеȨȨӦܷɱκ˵δϳ̵ĹңдֻΪصеĳͷ ȻֻΪصеĳͷĹؼڣν綨صСķΧԴˣලʵʩԼϹȨίԱΪԡصСĺϸ޶ζšӦһʮĴʩ[3] ⣬ойصԼṩĹұУȨίԱ䱨Ҳرָصķζšκ£ܶԲƲ÷ηԼ漰ʹñķ涨̡ϹȨίԱġһڡԼȨԣɣġصСٲðκξ÷ȻˣҹԾ÷̵ĴþڹʹԼҹΪԼӦظùʹԼйԹ涨
3÷̲ڿչ˾ЭʹӾ÷
йԾ÷ӵƣȻػᵼйʵʩйؾ÷ﷸǧټƵǱӵ⣬йȴɡΪڹʼķɳͻ˾Ͻݣ̰ٷǳѡһɷͨ⽻;еģĿǰŷһЩҿԽж⣬һЩҶ˫ɡĿǰйԼĹ20ЩйʷԨԴĹһСңںʹкʱֻ˾ЭӢķĿǰûҹ˾ЭЭԭЩҹ涨ˡ̲ɡԭ򣬡ηɡԭ͡˫عԭйĹ̷Ȩʵֲ˵ӡƶӡĺҲ׷طµش󾭼ʧЩɵķЩ̰ٶһȨߣǼ̰۹ҲƲıҲӳӵķҪǾ÷ر̰ۻ¸Ƿڹӵġͬﲻͬγ˲ƽȣûӵڹڽ̣ӵ˸ݹʹᱻ̡ϣ۴ʹ̷ȨĿԽǴЧؾ÷ʧǶȿԾ÷öӰ쵽δ෸Чԡ

ҹ÷ﴦƵԭͷ

һҹ÷ﴦƵԭ
ʮȫȷҪʵʩõ˾ߣǵ͹ҳܽԤƷﾭóҪۣʵιԵıȻѡҲּʵ˾ֵĿ͹ҪάȶٽгӦ֮塣ڿߵĺ壬Ŀǰ̷ѧ粢δȷĽ綨ԶԿ߽綨ΪִָƶģߺͿ߹ɣþгڡձָԭ򡢷ϵӦԷ˸ΪΣԺΣԵĴСԴÿϣϣпʶȣƫУʱгڣӿϡ
ݿߵݣǿƵԾ÷̷ƶȵҪ󡣡ÿϸϡҪӦݷΪΣ̷ϣпҪӦĻϿ̷𻯣ﷸΣӦʶ,ƫСҪ̷ʱرҪ໥νӣֶϵʱ,гڡҪ̷÷ξƼ﷢չ̬ƣӡֽ׶νгͷιһ֣ӿ,ϡҪ̷˵Ĺػ
ҹ÷ﴦƵķ
Ծ÷̣ͨ϶״ԭķΪ÷̷ϵӦֽС̷صķΧڣӦڿõԭ£ЭֵͬáΣⲿӦǿ̷ƽֶμЭӾ÷Դͷ϶žδȻַ֮
1̷ڲԾ÷̷ϵΪ
1ϳ̣ʵͽ̵
ϳ÷Ҫڽܲ߿ɲԣ߷̣Ŀǰйͽ15ꡢﲢ20꣬ͽһʵִе2217꣬͵ĴһЩصľ÷ȱˣ̷ֹӦʵͽ̵ڣⲻʵ᳹Ӧԭ򣬶ҶٿԻڵѹ˾žʾйǰҪصǸĸ̷ƶȣ20ꡢ30ϵĳ̣Դ𽥼̵á
2ϸƼ̡͵
һЩصľ÷̰ۻ¸׼ߵľ÷Ԥñд̵طڷֹ̺ӦϸƼ̡͵áңӦ߼̡ͺʵִеڣԽ̷涨ġԭڵĶ֮һߵķ֮дͽ̵ģɽʵִеڣ10ߵ2030ꡣԶԱ̵ĳЩصķΣڷֹ̺󣬽ֹü̻߼͡ҲڱҪʱȨٿɸݷ֮ų̡͵á
3̷
ᡢõķչֹԽԽϸг𲽳죬λ𲽸Ƶ£Կǵ̷䣬еľ÷ﵥԹ涨ֲɢľ̷淶һԤϵȱݣڽʱѾչȽȶĳ̶ȣ涨÷̷䣬ȿԱ䷨ȶԵĹԣҲڹ˽˾ʵľӦáӶӸϽ̷̷ݲЭ̹ϵìʧ
4󷣽̵÷Χ
ΪһַǱ͵ķ÷ʵʩĿĺͶҪΪıǷ棬һ㲻Σ˵ȫ͹ȫԾ÷ж̾ͿԴﵽηĿġ⣬Ծﷸó̹Ҫѽ϶ľͶ룬ͬʱдƲ̣ȳͷ˾÷Ҳʹҡľʧõ⳥ˣۺʹ̺ͲƲƲֶΡӦԾ÷㷺ðûղƲԼʸڵĸƲֶΡ
5ʸãǿ
ʸ̣԰᷸˵ĳʸΪݵ̷˵ͨԷ˲뾭ûʸһʱڽƻᣬͬɱٶʵʩ÷Ϊҹ̷估̷й涨ʸаȨѫ¡ºƺšΡҹзɶھ÷д̡ͽðȨ⣬ǲʸ̵ġڽгõĽ죬ľ÷ǲӦȻʸ̵λɫУųԾ÷ʸ̣ҪӦξ÷Ŀ͹Ҫʸ̶Գη̷óͨĸʸƶʸ̵÷Χ
ھ÷ʸ̣ΪԴĸ:һʸ̽пѧķϣöǷ˻ȻˣֱȻ˵ĺͶԵλʸ̷Ȼõʸ̰ƹȨضְҵʸ񡢰κȣڶȨĳΪƹȨʹ̷ݸΪضְҵʸ񣬲뾭÷ҪҲҹ̷ϵѧҪ󡣰᷸˴ĳһְҵ߱ݣͬڰɲƲ̷ҲͬڰȨʸ̡ǶԷľ˴ӷķۣʧȥ˻þرƷݡŵλ࣬бҪӴԵλ̷ȡ̷涨Է˷ֻдӦԵλΪϡƲϵķòƲǾԵģѵһķΪڵλ̷ԶԶģӦͣҵ١ƴҵ׼̡ǿƳʸ̶ڳελǳҪġԷ˾÷ӦƺšΪû壬ȨȨ˵Ȩܹ˴棬硰غͬõλƷŵùλʲƷƺšȣЩƺǷھõɾڣ˭н϶˭ľǿȡýϺõľЧ棬ᷨȨз֮Чڵǰ˾ʵУԺӦ˾ʽ÷˵ܲƺš
2̷ⲿɻƵΪ
ϳ÷һǰǷ̷ɻƵơ۲Щϳ˾÷̵Ĺңǲѷ֣ǶǷƷǳơԾ÷żǿԤĹҡЩ̷Ѳǳξ÷ҪֶΡעáȷЭԾ÷ԴͷϵԤӸ˵ֶһЩΪΪ÷ƵһҪֶǾ÷ԲߵһҪơڵ¹Ƚϳɹڹľ÷뾭̷ʹΪ[10]76䡰رΪǹطһԲԣΪķǿƷطɡ[11]47ھ÷ЩֵǽӦýϹ飬ҹʱȷļֵ۵ģǡΪ гᡱҹѧߺαɽָ־̷ۣߵļֵȡӦˣᣬҲ塱



йڵڸ֮һָйȨ̣һ㡣1764̷ѧ߲?ǵġ۷̷һķӴ˹̴ϵۣ۵Ľҷ׷״ӷϻʵϷϳ̡ҹƶȵĸĸԣйǰԼһʱڣȫϳ̵͹в߱ǶԾ÷ϳȴϵıȻơⲻķչֵһҪݣҲǶءΪʵһĿģҪԾ÷̷ϵع̷Ŀǳͷͽˣرͻܹڳͷͬʱķʽʾˣһζ̷˵Բܴﵽġڵᱳ£̷ַƶȵ˳ӦʱģҲǱҪֲ̽⡣ 




οף
[1] .۾÷ĸ[D].:ѧ,2003:2.
[2] ƽ,ڣ.ձ̷۽[M].,.:,1986:211.
[3] .۷̷[M].Ʒ,.:йٿȫ,1993:111-125.

[4] ¡.Ȩ̡ԹȨΪйӦ[J].ִѧ,2001(2): 10-12.
[5] .۷̷[M].Ʒ,.:йٿȫ,1993:111-125.
[6] .Ʋͷ̴ϵ˼̷ʵ[J].ѧ̳,2005(10):27-30.
[7] .̷Ҫ[M].:廪ѧ,1999:8.
[8] .й̼[M].:й,2003:88.
[9] ½.÷:ɱ벻ɱ[J].,2004(17):21-23.
[10] .¹÷뾭̷о[M].:ѧ,1999:76.
[11] ˹?,Լ?˹Ƹ.÷ӽ[M].,־,.:ѧ磬2006:47.
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