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    һ⣺ʲôǹ壿

    𣺹ǹ޲׼ŵѧ˵

    ڶ⣺ʲô޲׼

    ޲׼ȫԼͶǿĳһʱϵ׼һ׼Ļ棬ȡڶͶ󣬼ȡĺûȡڲƵľĲһ仰޲׼޲߽׼19͵Ͷ׼

    ⣺ǲ˵޲߲һеģ

    ǵģһеġ˺Ͷ׼һУͶ׼ͨƶġǣµˡֹˣ޲ߣһеģ羺һɺͲƵһ

    ĸ⣺޲׼ģ

    ޲׼ڹҵģһϸ°ҶӢ̷ҡҵַɴе֯һϵеװķġЩǮֻܹдʱҲĻıǰʽԭĹˡΪƷҪȹòƵķĳֱֺ֯áһЩʹҵȫ䵽ʱʹ˽еһ㱡(ߡ֯)һǮֵʱҺܿռһУȴһˡӴˣʵ˹ƶȡ͹ƶһãһƶȺܿеҵţرӡҵӡҵҵͽƷҵȲš֮ķֹԽԽϸǣǰĹˣֻһַֹ֡ʹƷø죬Ҳˡֹÿ˵Ļһַǳ򵥵ġһ׵ĻеֲûܹͬɫҪõöࡣˣЩҵŶɴ֯ҵһһһȫܵ͹ƶȵ֧䡣һЩҵͬʱҵȫ䵽˴ʱҵҲʧһԡԭϵĹֹҵֹҵҲܵƶȵ֧䣬ΪĴʱҲͨԴʡ֧ʵϸ·ֹĴϼСʦڿԿͶŶչʽоӪˣͶţֹҵ͹ֹҵҵˡǴǰмȼرСֹҵʦƲԭ״˸ı仯𽥲׼½׼׼ǣ

    һʱҽ׼ѾռһϺЩԭϺ͹()ʲ߽׼ʲ׼

    ȫûвƲĽ׼Ϊ˻άϣòԼͶʲߡ׼޲߽׼޲׼

    ⣺޲°Ͷʲߵģ

    ͶκƷһҲһƷˣļ۸κƷļ۸һҲͬĹɾġ潫ģڴҵɾͳ£ζһƷļ۸ƽǺƷȵġˣͶļ۸ҲǺͶȵġͶʹܹάǵͶʹ˽׼ϵ˵ͶòΪһĿĸࡣˣͶļ۸ʽάͶǣΪʱ嵭ʱ˵Ҳж٣Ʒжһ͵ƽƷüȲãҲãͬƽҲǼȲͶҲͶҵԽͶռͳελʵһùֵþԽ֡

⣺ڹҵǰйʲôͶ׼

ڲͬᷢչ׶ϣͶ׼ͬͶ׼ͬв׼ͳν׼ĹϵĵλҲͬڹŴͶ˵ūֱϲǻūͣͶռ߹ũūֱͶǻũū⣬ֱͣҵǰﻹСʲ׼ʦֹҵ﹤ŹֹҵķչҲܽϴʱҹõĹֹҵˡ

߸⣺޲ߺūʲô

ūһξͱȫˡ޲߱һһ졢һСʱһСʱسԼūĳһ˵ĲƲأܻбϵġ޲߿˵ʲ߽׼ĲƲͶֻҪʱûбϵġֻж޲߽׼˵бϵġūھ֮⣬޲ߴھ֮УܵһвūĳԱ޲߱ˣĳԱūܹ޲úЩ޲ڸߵᷢչ׶ΣǱڱūߵĽ׶Ρе˽ƹϵУֻҪϳūƹϵūܽԼɴ˶Ϊ޲ߣ޲ֻзϳһ˽ƲܽԼ

ڰ˸⣺޲ߺũūʲô

ũūռвʹһߣһأΪҪԼһ߷һۡ޲ñ˵ΪӶõһ档ũūǽ޲ǵõũūбϣ޲ޱϡũūھ֮⣬޲ߴھ֮Сũūֵͨ·ýţӵȥֹҵߣǽǮۺͲƷӶΪɵĵũǰǵķ⽨ߣԼɲƲߡ֮ũūͨͬİ취в׼Ķ鲢뾺ýš޲ֻͨ˽ƺһн׼ܻýš

ھŸ⣺޲ߺֹҵʲô

ʮ⣺޲ߺ͹ֹҵʲô

1618ͣκεطĹֹҵ˶ռߣ֯ͥõķĳһСڹʱֵءһУ޲߶ûСֹҵ˼ũ壬͵άŻٵڷϵ޲ͨڴУ͹ֻнǮϵҵʹֹҵڷϵʧȥ˽еһƲ˶޲ߡ

ʮһ⣺ҵỮΪʲ޲Ȳʲô

𣺵һͶϽ͹ҵƷļ۸񣬾ɵĹֹҵƶȻֹͶΪĹҵƶȫݻ١Щʷչ֮⡢ҵڹֹҵϵİҰң֮Ҳͱǵıչ״̬ЩҹȽϱ˵ӢƷѱĹֹҵءˣЩǧûнĹңӡȣѾȫĸйҲѾչĵزӢ»һ֮ھͻȥйǧ˵ķ롣ҵϵеطԵСгϳΪһгΪͽ׼ʹ﷢һбȻӰ쵽ˣӢ򷨹Ĺ˻ýţȻһйҵĸָʹЩҵĹҲýš

ڶǴҵ˹ֹҵĵطҵʹʲ׼Ƹ޶ȵطչʹΪڵĵһ׼̵ֹĵطʲ׼ȡȨǰͳν׼----塢лʦʹǵרʲ׼ϳ˳Ӽ̳ȨصĽȡ˹һȨȨ塢عʲ׼ȡлᣬϳֹҵߵһȨݻлʦʲ׼ɾǣɾ״£ÿһ˶ȨӪκһҵţңȱҪʱʲôҲܷľӪʵɾǹӽԺֻԱʱѲȣ֮ŲƽȣʱΪԵӶʱңʲ߳Ϊϵĵһ׼ǣɾڴҵչ֮ԱҪΪֻ״´ҵܳɳʲ׼˹лʦԺҲǵȨʲ׼Ϊһ׼ԺҲԼǵһ׼ͨʵдƶһġʲ׼ڷǰƽȺͷɳɾΪġƶŷ޸ȡܾƵʽܾƵĹֻӵһʱ˼ʲߣѡȨЩʲѡѡԱЩʲԱþܾ˰Ȩѡʲ

ҵʹ޲׼ʲ׼ͬٶȷչʲԽƣ޲ߵҲԽࡣΪֻʱʹ޲ҵʱֻʹͶʱӣ޲׼Ӻʱȫͬġͬʱҵʹʲߺ޲߶ڷչҵĴȺھۼһطʹ޲ʶԼΣŹҵķչżֹͶ»ĲϷҵѹѹԽԽͣѹ˵Ͷ޲׼ĴҲԽԽˡһ޲׼һ׳󣬹ҵһ޲׼е

ʮ⣺ҵһʲô

𣺴ҵֶΣʹҵڶʱòķñ޵ףִҵȻɾܿʹﵽʮ־ҵĳ̶ȡʱͶڹҵܿͳѡƷȥνҵΣ͵ˡֻùţƲ˰˼ƶ󡣹һʱ䣬ʣĲƷˣ¿ߣҲرǲ᳤õģΪֻܿƷµΣֻᵽΣĹ̺ǰΣȫͬˣӱͳҵڷʱںΣʱ֮䲨Σڵÿ굽귢һΣÿһ˴ȵƶձĸ飬ִƶɼΣա

ʮ⣺ֶظҵΣʲô

𣺵һȻҵķչԼɾķչѾԽɾķΧ͸˾ӪҵѾɴҵļҵһҵֻҪֽĻϽоӪֻͨÿһεձά֣ÿλҶȫһв޲ƶԨҲʹʲƲˣ߱ȫҵ(ǾԲܵ)ߴҵʹһȫµ֯ΪԱҪģµ֯ҵ໥ĵĳ쵼ᰴȷļƻ˵Ҫ쵼

ڶҵĿԣʹܹһƶȣƶ£һƷúܶ࣬ʹÿһԱܹȫɵطչͷȫͲܡɴ˿ɼֽһƶҵΣĴҵԣһ֯ƶЩԵĲء

ȫŷ֤

(1)𣬿԰ЩײȫѾӦǰƶȣ

(2)ͨµƶײЩײֶѾ߱

ʮĸ⣺µƶӦģ

µƶȱ໥ĸ˶ԹҵһŵľӪȨ֮ЩӪ˵Ϊ˹ͬ桢չͬļƻȫԱĲμӪµƶȽ֮ϡΪ˾ӪҵıȻ˽ƣǵ˽߾Ӫҵһַʽ˽ͬҵĸ徭Ӫ;Ƿֲġ˽Ҳϳ֮ԹͬʹȫߺͰչͬЭȫƷνƲСϳ˽ǹҵչȻĸƶȵҪĸԹȫȷǿϳ˽ԼҪҪ

ʮ⣺ô˵ȥϳ˽ǲܵģ

𣺲ܡƶеκα仯ƹϵеÿһαǲͬɵƹϵӦµıȻ˽Ʊġ˽ƲһеģĩڣһֹֹҵµʽµʽԽ˵ʱ⽨лƵķΧѾԽɵƹϵĹֹҵµʽ----˽ơڹֹҵʹҵչ׶˵˽ƣκʽ˽ΪƶȣκƶȡֻҪĹģûдﵽ˵ҪһʣƷȥʱͽһչܻ֧ͳν׼ƶıѹȽ׼Щ׼ʲôӣҪķչ׶Ρũҵͣũūͺڵĳлʦ﹤Ͷ̹17ǹֹҵ͹ֹҵˣ19Ǵ󹤳޲ߡǳԣǰûзչ˽ƳΪЩչϰڣڴҵķչһ˿ǰģʱҾ߱ڶʱЩֶΣڶʲȺԽԽ޲ߣʲߵĲƸԽӣ޲ߵľԽҺܣǿġѾչ˽ƺʲԶԶܼԦĳ̶ȣ¾ƶȼҵ𵴡ֻʱϳ˽ƲŲܣȫҪ

ʮ⣺ܲúƽİ취ϳ˽ƣ

𣺵ԸˣߵȻְ취ˡߺκı棬кǺܹء죬κεطκʱȫԵ׼־쵼ΪתƵĸıȻҲҵ޲׼ķչܵѹƣǹߵĵþһѹȵ޲׼ձʱǹ߽ж޲ߵҵһ

ʮ߸⣺ܲһӾͰ˽Ʒϳ

𣺲ܣһӾͰеΪʵвƲҪĳ̶һˣܾܿҪٵ޲׼ֻ𲽸ᣬֻдĴ֮󣬲ܷϳ˽ơ

ʮ˸⣺ķչ̽ģ

޲׼ĹƶȣӶֱӻӵؽ޲׼ͳΡӢֱӽΪ޲ռĴڷ͵¹ԼӽΪҵĴ񲻽޲ߣһСũСʲߣСũСʲתΪ޲׼Ĺɽ׶ΣǵһʵֶԽԽ޲׼Ǻܿͻͬ޲׼ҪҲҪڶζǣζֻ޲׼ʤա

Ϊֶʵнһֱַ˽ƺͱ޲׼ĸִʩô޲׼ͺôЩΪִϵıȻѾҪĴʩ£

(1)۽˰߶Ų˰ȡϵ(ֵܡֶ)̳Ȩǿƹծ˽ơ
(2)һùҹҵİ취һֱֽİ취𲽰ߡ·ߺʹĲƲ
(3)ûһзԴӺҷӵĲƲ
(4)ڹũ֯Ͷ޲߾ҵͻ֮ľʹڵĳ֧ͬһߵĹʡ
(5)ȫԱʵͬͶƣֱȫϳ˽Ϊֹҵرũҵ档
(6)ͨӵйʱĹУŴϵͳͽҵڹȡһ˽кмҡ
(7)Źӵеʱ͹˵ӣӹҹ·ʹһлĵأѿص
(8)еĶܹͯ뿪ĸչ˵ʱ𣬶ɹҳǮڹʩܽѽ
(9)ڹϽãΪĹסլ罫¹ҵũҵѳкũʽŵߵƬԺȱ㡣
(10)һвġúܻסլ
(11)ŮͷǻŮͬȵļ̳Ȩ
(12)ȫҵڹ

ȻһдʩһӶʵǽһһʵУֻҪ˽һҵĽ޲׼ҪȼǰȫʱȫũҵȫҵȫҵȫԽԽؼڹһдʩΪĿġ޲׼ͶʹҵЩʩʵֵĿԺɴ˶ļл̶ҲӦ󣬵ȫʱȫȫڹʱ˽ƽǮ֮ӣ˽ı䣬ĸֽʽҲܹʧ

ʮŸ⣺ָܲܵһҷ

𣺲ܡǴҵгһ㣬ͰȫǸҵ񣬱˴˽ϵÿһҵܵһҷӰ졣⣬ҵʹҵᷢչͬЩңʲ׼޲׼õĽ׼֮Ķ˵ǰҪˣǽһҵĸǽһӢ¹ͬʱĸЩҵÿһУչýϿҪǷнϷĹҵ϶ĲƸͱȽϴˣڵ¹ʵֹѣӢסҲӰңȫı䲢ԭķչ̡ԵĸԽԵĻ

ڶʮ⣺շϳ˽ƽʲô

Ὣ˽ʱҶһͽֶε֧ȨԼǶԲƷĽͷȨὫոʵԴҪƶļƻһУͬڵĴҵƶϵһкĺȱΣֹֽƶʣǲƶļҪԭ򣬵ǸʱͻԵʮֲ󡣳ᵱǰҪʣƶҽ֤˵ҪµҪͬʱҪֶΡʣµĽʹ̼ʵֽȥĻҡ˽ѹȵĴҵķչģʮֺΰ֮£ĿǰĴҵ״Ե÷ǳС񹤳ֹҵǽĴҵһҵַչṩ㹻ĲƷ˵Ҫ˽ƵѹȺصķɢиɹͿѧɾ͵ũҵͬҲոµķʱڣṩ㹻ĲƷһὫ㹻ĲƷ֯ȫԱҪˣỮΪͬ໥жԵĽ׼ǶˡֲֻǶģǺµƶȻݵġ׼ĴɷֹģַֹȫʧΪҪѹҵũҵߵ˵ˮƽеͻѧĸֶǲģӦطչʹЩֶε˵ϸ͵ũ͹ֹҵ˱ҵʱǸıԼʽΪȫͬˣͬṲͬӪɴ˶·չҲҪȫͬˣͬӪУΪÿһ˶ֻĳһţÿһ˶ֻܷչԼܵһƫ棬ֻϤĳһŻĳһŵһ֡ڵĹҵҲԽԽʹˡṲͬغмƻӪĹҵҪܵõȫ淢չܹͨϵͳˡˣѱƻ˵ķֹһ˱ũ񡢰һ˱Ьѵ˱ɹˡѵĸ˱ɽͶߣȫʧʹܹܿϤϵͳʹܹҪԼİãһתһšˣʹǰַֹÿɵƬԡһݹԭ֯ᣬʹԼĳԱܹȫ淢ǵĵõȫ淢չĲܡǸͬĽ׼ҲȻˣݹԭ֯һ治׼ڣһĽΪ׼ṩֶΡ

ɴ˿ɼк֮ĶҲʧũҵ͹ҵĽͬһЩˣͬĽ׼ӴʷԭҲǹıҪũҵ˿ڵķɢʹйҵ˿ڵļУӦڹũҵչˮƽߵĽ׶Σ״̬һнһչϰһǾѾظоˡ

ȫԱɵĹͬͬغмƻչܹ˵ҪĹģһЩ˵һЩ˵Ҫ״׼ͽ׼ͨɵĽ׼ͨҵ任֡˹ܴͬҴĸͨںϣʹȫԱĲܵõȫ淢չ----Ƿϳ˽ƵҪ

ڶʮһ⣺ƶȶԼͥʲôӰ죿

𣺹ƶȽʹԹϵΪ͵йضԤĴ˽˹ϵƶ֮ʵһ㣬ƶȽϳ˽ƲͯӶִֻ˽ɷ򡢺ĸҲǶԵòȻпڹ幫ƵĺŽеĻش𡣹ȫʲ׼ڵǹƵĳֱ֡˽Ϊģ˽Ƶʧʧˣ֯ʵйƣ෴Ҫơ

ڶʮ⣺֯Դе壿

    ----ԭ

ڶʮ⣺֯Դеڽ

    ----ԭ

ڶʮĸ⣺ߺʲô

ν߷Ϊࣺ

һǷ⽨ڷӵߣѱҵó׺ɵʲ׼𣬲ÿ컹һߴֽıײеóĽۣӦûָ⽨ڷᣬΪûֱײǵн鶼ֱӻӵΪһĿġʱҪͬ෴Ǽʵرʾͬ޲׼ĿѲΪ˶ᡣΪ

(1)׷һָܵ飻

    (2)ͼָ塢лʦֹҵԼϵרƾ⽨ʿɮµͳΣָȻûֽĸֱײٻͬײչͨ֯űѹȹ˵κǰ

    (3)޲׼Ϊĺ͹Ľ׼ʱЩҪ¶ǵʵͼʱϺʲ׼޲ߡ

    ڶֽӵߣֽȻıײʹΪĴڵġˣͼֽᣬҪϵһıײΪˣһЩּ򵥵Ĵư취һЩ˹ģӴĸĸƻЩƻڸĽͼֽĻӶֽ᱾ҲͬЩʲ׼иĶΪǵĻڹߵĵˣάǹҪƷᡣ

󣬵ߣǺ͹ͬϣʵ      ĲִʩǲǰЩʩ򹲲Ĺɰ취ǵƶֽıײĴʩЩߣǻ˽Ȿ׼޲ߣСʲ׼Ĵ׼ֱʵɴ˲ʩΪֹ෽涼޲йͬ档ˣжʱֻҪ߲Ϊռͳελʲ׼ЧͺͲߣӦЩߴЭ飬ʱܺǲȡͬߡȻͬжų۴Ǻ͹߼ķ

ڶʮ⣺Դе

ڲͬĹҲȡ̬ͬȡʲ׼ռͳελӢͱʱߺ͸ʱйͬ棬ڵֵʩԽӽߵĿģ˵Խȷؼ޲׼Խ޲׼ֹͬԽࡣӢɹɵɾҪСʲ߻νڼ̶ϸӽߡ

ʵܷ֧߱Ըܷȥʲ׼Ϊ޲׼ıȫظĸɡ

ʿǼɣȻǱǸɷּ临ӵǹܹ򽻵Ψһݺݵļġ

ڵ¹ʲ׼רƾ֮ľսں档ǣָ߲ʲ׼ȡͳǰͺʲ׼оսԹΪ˱ʲ׼ȡͳΣԱ㾡ٰƷˣʲ׼ͬĶУʼӦ֧ʲ׼ֻӦע⣬ҪʲƭҪǹʲ׼ʤ޲׼ýĻߴʲ׼ʤеõĺôֻǣ(1)õòʹںۺʹԼԭ򣬴Ӷʹ޲׼ϳһŽġ׼սĺ֯Ľ׼(2)ʹȷţר̨һ𣬾ֵʲߺ޲߽жˡһ𣬹ȡĵߣʲ׼ռͳελЩȡһ
