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1 ĽǶ˵˼˹Ļ۵ѧ˵ϵ
ı־1848˼˹ġԡ
Ҫصɲ֣˼ѧ˼ξѧѧ塣
˼ѧ˼ѧ˵Ļۣεһ˼Ǳ֤ΨʷΨۺͷۣ˼徭ѧ˼ѧ֤ʵӦá˼ΰ֣Ψʷۺͨʣֵʾʱܣʹӿ˿ѧѧȫ˼ĺĺ۽ۡ
2. ӹĽǶ˵˼廹˺˶ķչΪйָ˼˼壬ָ˼˹ƽ½׶Σë󶫡СƽΪйһйͷչ˵Ĺ۵ѧ˵ϵҪ˵˼˹ë󶫡СƽĹ۵ѧ˵ϵ
   ڵй˼塢ë˼롢Сƽۺ͡Ҫ˼һУ˵ڵй˼塢ë˼롢Сƽۺ͡Ҫ˼һжʱģͳһĿѧϵйʮȷ涨й˼塢ë˼롢Сƽۺ͡Ҫ˼ΪԼжָϡ֪ʶΪйɫ塢ʵִĽߡӰˣҪԾѧϰ˼塢ë˼롢Сƽۺ͡Ҫ˼
Ҫͬʱĸ۵
1. ʵĹ۵
2. Ψ۵
3. ֤۵
4. Ⱥڹ۵(

һ ˼ѧǿѧۺͷ
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1. ʲôѧ
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һָʶ봦ĸ
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2ѧѧѧĹϵѧǹȻ֪ʶ֪ʶ˼ά֪ʶĸܽᣬоȻ˼άչһ㱾ʺ͹ɵѧʣѧȻѧѧ˼άѧԼԵѧѧۺϿѧоһ򡢷Ȿʺ͹ɵѧʡѧѧձ⣬Ժ͸ԵĹϵ໥оĶҲͬ໥ϵѧѧѧ֮ΪѧΪѧı仯չ仯չɸѧۡΪָʹ֮໥á໥ٽ
3ѧʶ̬Ĺϵʶָ̬һᾭû֮ϵ˼롢۵ܺͣ¡ڽ̡η˼롢ѧʶ̬ʽѧͬʶ̬ʽһһᾭûķӳΪ֮񣬶һĽ׼ԣԶԣ䲻ͬѧ뿪ûԶڶ˹˵ġߵڿе˼򡱣Ҳʶ̬
˼άʹڵĹϵѧĻ
1.ѧĻ˼άʹڵĹϵ
ӹѧе⼴ìܺܶ࣬ôᴩѧݱķչʷҪ⣬κѧܻرܵ⣬֧ѧʲô˹Դ˿ѧĸܽᣬָȫѧرǽѧشĻ⣬˼άʹڵĹϵ⡱ Ҳ˵ǾȻĹϵʵĹϵʶʹڵĹϵ
2 (ѧĻ
1˼άʹںΪһԡڶԵ⣬˭Ǳԭ˭⣬˭˭˭˭˭벻˭˭˭⡣˼άʹںǵһԵĲͬشǻΨΨı׼
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2 ˼άʹڵͬһ⡣
˹ָ˼άʹڵĹϵ⻹һ棺ǹΧ˼籾Ĺϵģǵ˼άܲʶʵ磿ܲǹʵı͸ȷķӳʵѧ˵˼άʹڵͬһ⣬ѧҶⶼ˿϶Ļش𡣡Ƿ˼άʹڵͬһԣǻֿ֪ۺͲ֪ѧɱı׼
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ΨΨ
1. ΨĸԴ۵㼰ʷ̬
2(ΨĻ۵㣺ΪȻ硢ʡǵһԵģ־˼άǵڶԵģʵģıԭʲ˵ʶڣʶʳڷչĲеķӳ˵ʾʶЩϸ˵ǵͬġΨߣ߲һΨߣΨ
ֲͬ﷨
1. ΪȻʴǵһԵģ˼άʶǵڶԣ
2. ʵģıԭ
3. ʲ˵ʶڣʶʷչĲʾʶ
3Ψѧչʷ̬Ҫʶ̬ŴΨ塢ζѧΨֽлеΨ塢ִ֤Ψ塣
ٹŴΨһԭġԷΨ壬Ϊıԭĳһֻĳԭʣˮıԭϣѧҵӿعﶼ΢СġٷֵԭɵԭۣǹŴΨ߳ɾ͡ΨʵһԡʶڶԵȷ۵㣬ͬر֤һ𣬵ʷľޣȱѧĸֱ֤ԣ²Եȱݡ
ڽζѧΨ弴17͡18͵ӢΨǽͬʱᷢչȻѧ֮ϣһѧݣеѧ֤ڷִƶȡΨڽѧٽᷢչȻѧķչĹףͬʱִԵʱԺȱݣһǻеԣûеѧĹ۵һУΪԭӺ͵ıԭԭӡӵԾԣһʵ˶ԭӻӵ˶ƶĻе˶ΪǻζѧԣùֹƬĹ۵ʶͽǰΪʷķչŵḶ́ǲԣܰѶȻΨ۵᳹򣬼ֵΨʷۡ
2. ΨĻͺʹڸԴ
1Դ:ԶʱǶȻоĲȷĽͣóڡ𡱵ĹΪѧɱΨġ׼ġʶĸԴ
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ڽ׼Դָͳν׼׼ƫıĿ
ʶ۸Դָʶۻ򵥻ֱ߻Ƭ滯Ψʹڵʶ۸Դֱָ߻Ƭ滯ͽԺäĿԾΨʶ۸Դɮ壨ѧΨ壩Ȼʶ۵ĸԴûиģһ䲻ʵĻȻȴڻʵġʵġǿġȫܵġ͹۵ģԵʶûϵһ䲻ʵĻ
(ΨĻ۵㣺ͬΨ෴Ϊʶ˼άǵһԵģȻ硢ʡǵڶԵģ˵ıʡԭǾģıԭȻ硢ʲǾʶĲ˵ʶʣʶʵȡ
ΨҪʽΨͿ͹Ψ
ΨΪ˵ĸоʶıԭΪ۾һСһС֧һУ۾á
ڿ͹ΨıԭΪ뿪ˣĳ֡͹ۡ

ģ˼ѧʵѧ
1. ʵ֤ʵһԡʶڶ
ʵϵĻͶͶͶ磬ʹմȻдӶзͬʱ˵ʶ˺˵ʶʵĲʹǰͳһĻһһΪֽΪʺʶì˫ʵǷչ˵ʵ֤˺˵ʶǰŲ˺˵ʶתƵ磬˵ʵʼҪĿ͹۴Ϊ˼˵˲ûдʱ˴ʵֻҲֻʱԤȴڵ²ܴ졣ʶκʱֻǱʶĴڡˣԿѧʵΪȷ˵Ǳԭģʶ
2. ʵ֤˼άʹھͬһ
˼ѧǰΨ嶼˼άʹڵͬһԼĿ֪ԣԲֻ֪ۣ˼ʵۣʹ˼άʹڵͬһԵõѧ˵ʵʹͳһһΪΪʺʶì˫Ҳʹʺʶ˫ìܴﵽͳһʶܷӳʲȷطӳʣ˹ָԲ֪ԼһѧϵĹ۵ŷĲʵʵ͹ҵ  ȻԼܹĳһȻ̣ʹʹΪǵĿķ񣬴Ӷ֤Ƕһ̵ȷģĩĦµĲ׽֮ˡ

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1ֺʹΨʷۣӾúͷչĹϵнμʷ  Ψѧʷݵͳελ
2ʵΪĳ׵Ψѧ˷˾Ψıζ  ѧȱݡ
3ʵΪĹĿѧԡͳһѧΪ޲׼Ŀѧ  ۺͷۣ
˼ѧǹȻ˼άչһɵĿѧΨͱ֤ͳһΨȻۺʷ۵ͳһΨ
ӹ񣬶ѧовͬĹ۵㡣˹Ϊ˼ѧǹȻ˼ά˶ͷչձɵĿѧԿѧʵΪ˼ѧ̳ѧΨ֤ۡĻɹڿѧʵ۵ĻʵΨͱ֤ĸ߶ͳһ֤ΨȻۺʷ۵ĸ߶ͳһ˷˽ζѧΨ塢Ψ֤Ψͱ֤Ѷȱݣǿ˷һѧʷΨȱݡΨʷ˼ΰ֣ѧ˼еɹһʹʷоΪѧΪʶ͸ṩǿʶߡ˼ѧʵġ֤ġʷΨ塣

(Ψʷ۵ķּΰ
1. ʹΨѧչ걸ѧΨƲָ˼ͷչѧΨ壬ΨȻʶƹ㵽ʶ˼ʷΨʿѧ˼еɹ˹ΪʷΨĴʹΨıʷбȥˡ˼ѧǰȻۡʷ۵ĳ׵걸Ψѧ
2. ʹɿΪѧ˹ָΰķһΨʷۺͨʣֵҿʱܣӦ鹦˼Щ֣˿ѧ
3. ʹѧо˿ѧʷۺͷָ˼Ψʷ˼رǸ˽׼ΰʶߣʹǹȥʷֵļҵϵļ⣬ΪһּܵĿѧ棬
(ģʵԡԺͿѧԵͳһ˼ѧĸ
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    ˼ѧʵϵĸԺͿѧԵͳһͱǸĺеġ˼˹ָʵΨ߼˵ȫʹִʵʵطԲıִ
˼ѧĿѧԣϸԿ͹ʵΪݣʵʵʵļ飻ǽжָϣǿŵϵһɲ䣬ضʱѧʵͿѧķչչˣǿѧ뷽ۡ
(壩˼롢ʵǡʱ˼ѧۺͷ    ֺ͸Ҫ󣬳˼ѧľ衣
ظ
P56P57ʶ·ߺ͵˼·
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ʲô˼·ߣձ顢Ҫ׼
ʲôǸ죿·ߵչ

˼˹ı֤ΨʷΨ壬Ϊ޲׼˼·ߵ춨ۻȷˣﵽо˼롱롰˼͸оʶ·ߵĶë쵼йĳʵУע˼ѧоã弴ʵʹеΨۺζѧѧܽᾭѵγ˵ʵǵ˼·ߡʵǵ˼·ߣҪĳһдʵʳǴӱ۵ԸȷʵʵĹϵۺʵʵͳһۺͿ͹۵ͳһʵë˼ĳ͸㡣
ͬ־µʷ£ǿ˼ҪƷʱʱǵȫۺ͹Ҫʱԣչԣڴԡֵ˼·ߣ˼롢ʵǡʱǵȽԺǿľء˼롢ʵǡʱ˼ľ裬˼ѧľ衣ǰպ裬ë˼롢Сƽۺ͡Ҫ˼Ĵͷչֽ˼롢ʵǡʱ벻ϸʵҪд£ҪԿѧ̬ȶԴ˼壺ڽйɫΰʵУֺͷչ˼壬ҪľҪᶨƵظ߾ٵСƽΰģʵмḻͷչСƽۣ÷չŵ˼弴Сƽۡ  Ҫ˼ָйɫʵ

˼ѧʱ
 (һ)˼ѧִƼ
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ִƼ˼ѧƶõҪ
 ŷḻ˼ѧĻ۵㣻
 ؿ˼ѧо
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˼ѧִѧչָõҪ֣
ṩۺͷָ
ṩ뷢չѧ֤
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˼ѧִѧ
˼ѧͷչĹУѧ˶ֵ˼ѧɣڵҪڿѧ˱ֶ˼ѧ˼ĻԾġʵ֤Դ洫ͳѧġ˼ԣҪѧҪζѧ(ָͳѧ)˱˼Ĺſѧ෴ҪζѧҪѧｲζѧͬڴͳѧΪĵζѧԷ巴ԿѧｲζѧͬڴͳѧΪĵζѧԷ巴Կѧ˼ӲͬĽǶȷ˼ѧΨ֤ۡΨʷۣǵҲĳЩֵע⣮ԿѧҪӿѧ񣬷˱Ҫľʵֿѧľͳһ

˾˼ѧй
    ˼ԭͬʵ˼һԭйľʼռ˼ԭͬйʵϣֿѧ۵ָ  ᶨƵԼ·˼弰ѧԭΪԡԵ۲ǽֻȷڸʵʵвϷչžǿë˼롢Сƽ۰ѧ˼й˵˼壬˼ĢٻԭְлĢ˼й˵Ģʵ顣ë󶫡Сƽ쵼йͽΰʵУ˼ѧ۲ʹ֮廯ͨ׻Ⱥڻḻͷչ˼ѧۡë󶫵ġʵۡ  ìۡ͵Сƽġ˼롢ʵʡѧǵһڡڡı׼ȵȣǶ˼ѧԼ˼ѧйΰס
                         
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ѡĳͬĽǶȿԷΪ
⣬ʵȷ۵۵㣺
ֱ⣬ֱֱӴӽ̲ҳ𰸣Ǽ䣬    Ǵӽ̲Ҳ𰸣ã
۵һۺ⣬һֻһ֪ʶ㣬ۺ⿼Ƕ֪ʶۺϣѿĵѡдġֱӵġһ    ⣬ѡġۺϵ⡣
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2  Ժ˵ʵ
ص㣺ԭ
˼ѧΨۣ֤ʵΨۣشıʡԭʲô"ıʵ"Χ˼άڻʶʵĹϵ֤Ψʹ(˶ۡʱչ)ʵۡʶۣʾͳһԭ˵ʵش塣µصʹۡʵۡʶԼߵĹϵͳһԭʺʶı֤ϵԭ
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(һ) ֤Ψʹۼ
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 (2)˼ǰΨŴΨͽζѧΨʵһԡʶڶԵȷ۵㣬ǰ߰ʹĳ־ʵˮȣһûпѧݵĲ²⣻߰ʹΪȻѧֵСĲٷֵԭӻӣֹ۵һĿѧݣȴ˰ȻѧʽṹͬѧľձԵʷζѧ󣬲ԭӿٷֵȻѧչļ飬ҲˡΨ۵Ĺ
2˹ʸ˵
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ΪʺʶĶҲֻڷǳ޵ķΧڲоԵ壬ڳʲôǵһԺʲôǵڶԵʶ۵ĻķΧڲоԵ壮ΧֶԵģΪʶʵķӳӳͬӳϵģʵ ʿԱɾ񣬾Աʡ  (ë)
(2)ʶںǿ͹ʵڣôп͹ʵԵȻ硢  Լʵķ롢ʵԣ˶ʱ䡢  ռ䡢ɡʽʵȣΨʹ۹᳹  һһй̣ǳ׵Ψ۵㡣
 (3)ǿΪǵʶӳʶģΨķӳۡ  ʶܶԺĿ֪۹۵㣮
 (4)˹˵Ķ壬ʺ̬ѧʷ  ѧʸĹԵĹϵ֤֮Ψʷ  룮᳹˳׵Ψ۵㣬˵Ҫ塣

4˼ʹ۵Ҫ
 (1)˳׵ΨһԪۣΨʹۺͶԪ۵ʹۣ
 (2)˱֤ΨķӳۺͿ֪ۣۺͲ֪ۣ
 (3)̬ѧʷѧʸĹ  Ժ͸Եı֤˷Ψʹø𡢸Դһ㡢Եζѧȱݣ
֮˼ʹΨȻۺʷ۵ͳһΨۺͱ֤ͳһ֤Ψ屾ۺʶ۵ͳһǳΨһԪ۵ʹۡ
  ͡۵㡱ʲôϵ
  ۵ǸĹϵǹ۵֡

˶˶뾲ֹ˶ʱ䡢ռ
 ʵĴʽ˶ʱ䡢ռ䡣˶ģ˶ڿռʱ֮ڲ˶
1.ʺ˶               
 (1)˶ĺ壺˶ʵĸԺʹڷʽһб仯͹̡
( (2)ʺ˶Ĺϵܲɷֵģ˶ģ벻˶Ϊ˶ʵĸԺʹڷʽΪһ˶ǲڵģ˶ʵ˶˶벻ʣΪ˶ͳеߣ˶ָ߶ȷչʵ˶ı֣͹۵˶(еġġѧġġ˶ʽ)ķӳϵϣΨĴûʵ˶̸˶ζѧĴû˶ʣ˶̸ʣ˶Ϊֻле˶һʽ
 2˶;ֹ
 (1)ֹĺ壺ֹ˶״һָһĳһϵûзĳض˶ָﴦ׶ζûз  ʵı仯
  ĸ￪ʹй˾Ŀı仯
2)Ͼֹ  ˶ӾֹҵȣʵĶԣȷķ
( (3)˶;ֹĹϵ壺ٶͳһϵھԺԵĹϵ;ֲĹϵ໥͸Ĺϵ˶ձġġģǾԵģֹǾֲġʱġģԵģֹ˶״̬ǲı仯˶еĳȶ״̬ожκﶼǾ˶Ծֹͳһ־˶ԾֹͳһĹ۵㣬ֻϾ˶Ծֹ塢۹۵㣬˵˲һ̤ͬһֻһ磬˲Ϣţ޷׽ ɷɣɷɡֻϾֹϾ˶ζѧ۹۵㡣
Եĸlʱϣ2ռϣ3ϣ
ʲôС( ûܾơʲô

3˶ʱ䡢ռ
 (1)ʱյĺ壺ʱ˶ŵʵĴʽʱָ˶̵ĳԣһάԻ򲻿ԣռָ˶ŵʵĹԣάԡ
( (2)ʱ˶ǲɷָġΪ˶ǿ͹۵ģʱҲǿ͹۵ġʱյĿ͹Ψ۵㣬ʱյĿ͹Ψ۵Ψ۵Ϳ͹Ψ۵㡣ʱյĿ͹ַʱͬ˶ϵţٵġʱա۵ζѧΨ۵㡣ʱ˶Ĳɷִָѧ֤ǷŷκͰ˹̹ۣ
(3)ʱռǾԵģԵġʱյľָʱյĿ͹ԣ˶ʱյĲɷԣľԵģʱյָÿһľʱʱġġԵģʱյľ˶״̬ı仯仯
 (4)ʱռ޵ģ޵ġʱյָʱϵʼառϵޱ޼ʣʱյָκһĴʱʼառбмʡԺǶͳһĹϵǾԵģǶ޵ĳԽԵġʱģ޺໥໥͸һ໥ת

˶ʵ
һ ʵ˸Ļ˵Ĵڷʽ
1ʵܶظĶԻ˵Ĵڷʽ
(  (1)ʵָܶظĶԻΨʵΪΨʵΪӦĻ
 ʵĺ໥ϵ˼һָʵֻеĶ󻯻ΪκΪöʵͳһԺʹͳһĻָʵʵġ͹۵ġиԵʺʽͬ˵ʶϵ˵ʶ֮ڵĿɸ֪Ŀ͹ʵ
(2)ʵ˵Ĵڷʽ˵ĴڷʽͬĴڷʽǸͬġ
ءӦȻĹά棬ԣĴڷʽǱܻֻлءù߸Ȼ磬ҪϣάԼͷչʵ˵淽ʽ
    ǰῴ  
    붯Ҫ𿴡
    ˵ıϿ
ʵ塢н
lʵ塢塢нĺ
 ʵͨʵ֮ĴڱԼĶ󡢸Ķ󡣼ԼĿ壻ͬʱԼԿͳΪ壮
 (1)ָһ£һʵʶˣΪԡʵԵ˾ԡܶءʵĺ;ͳһ塢Ȼĺͳһ壮尴ṹɿɷΪ塢塣ϵ뾫ͳһԡ۶ܹΪۡ
(2)ʵʶָĶ󣮿һֲ־ΪתƵĿ͹۴ΪĿ͹ڳΪǰ󶼾п͹ԵͿ͹𡣿͹ֻǱڵĿ塣ֻнʶʵʱܳΪ塣ͬһҲʷķ롣˵ʷϵֻʽȻ塢塢壮
ע⣺ͿĹϵǵһԺ͵ڶԵĹϵ
(3)ʵнָʵͿмʽĹߡֶԼáЩߡֶεĳ򡢷ȣʵ塢н顢幹ɵĶ̬ϵͳ
(2.Ϳ໥
    ˼ָ˿廯У廯
    (1)廯ָͨʵʹԼıתΪͨʵҪҪ͹γȻԭûеĶֶͬȻ໥дġ˵ﻯ֡ʵĽ
(2)廯ָӿ͹۶ĴʽתΪṹػ屾أʧȥ󻯵ʽһ֣ͨʵµʶҲǿ廯һֱ֣
3.Ϳ໥õ
    (1)Ϳ໥ĿֶΡ뱻ߡܶܶߵĹϵ崦λΪΪ֮
    (2)ʵСһܿ޶Լһֲϴ޶Խʵ塣޶ͳԽĹϵͿ໥õʵʣ
(3)ʵʹͿ໥áʹػһΪΪͿ͹硢硣ʹǷֻͳһĻʵʶ壬ҪǾ壮

ʵĻͻʽ
(lʵĻ
 ʵͬڶﱾܵıӦĻҲͬ˵ʶĻʲôʽʵĳЩͬԵĻ͹ʵԡԾܶԺʷԡ
 (1)͹ʵԼԣʵʵĿ͹۵ĻΪʵҪذ塢ֶΣǿ͹۵ʵĽǿ͹۵ʵˮƽ뷢չҪܵ͹ɵ֧䣬Ҳǿ͹۵ģ˵ʵžܹΪ
 (2)ԾܶԼĿԣʵһʶָµĿĵظ͹ĻʵĹ̺ͽҪ᳹һĿġ־ʶʵͬۻ޹صäĿĿ͹ۻ˵ʵͬڶĿ˼ָıܻ
 (3)ʷԼԼԣʵһϵдµĻԼ ı仯չʷر仯չ˵ʵǵ˵ĹĻ
2.ʵĻʽ
ʵĻʽʵϵʵѧʵ顣

ģ˶ʵյҪ
    ˰ʵҪʵߡʵĿƶʵ֯ʵļ顣Ҳ˵ʵ̵Ҫعɣ
    1. ʵߡʵָڴĳһʵ֮ǰ۵ҪͶԿ͹ۿԵʶ˼άѡ;ֻоȷп  ȡʵĳɹ
    2  ʵĿƶʵĿʵĳޣʵ׷ǶĳǰʶǸԼ֪ʶͶʵʶƶĿ꣮ĿԶڵĻڵġһĻģ
    3  ʵ֯ʵУʵĿ꣬ǶʵнߡֶΡʵʩ֯͹ԻЧܣ
    4  ʵļ飮ʵʵɺʵı仯ⲿԿ͹ʽʵ˵ʵĿ꣮ʵĿǷȷʵ飬ʵﵽԤĿ꣬˵ʵǳɹģʵԤĿ꣬˵ʵʧܵģ
壩缰˵ʵĹϵ
(  v1Ϳ͹Ĺϵ                           ʶ
    (1)磺ָ˵ʶ˵ʶһл̼
    (2)͹磺ָ˵ʶ֮һдڣʵġԸ֪磬ȻںڣԺڲ˵Ļڣγ˵ʵ֮жֲ˵־Ϊתơ
(3)Ϳ͹໥໥ϵ໥á໥תͨʵнãǸ챻졢ʶʶĹϵͨʵ͹磬ʹĶתΪ͹ʵʵ͹ͬʱֵõһĸ죮µ˼롢ʶʶ۵ȣ෢չʷУͿ͹໥á໥תչ룮
͹ͳһ

(2.໥ϵ
 (1)磺ָȻȻδʶ͸Ȼ磮ǰ磬Ĵڡ
  (2)磺ָ硣ʵγɵ˻Ȼͳһ壮˻Ȼָ˵ʵ˵Ŀĺ־ӡȻ˵ϵܺͣ
 (3)Ƕ˵Ļ֮Ŀ͹۴ڣ˶ͱ仯ȫԷġäĿģ˵Ļɷ룮Ϊ˻Ȼ˵ҪĿġ־ͱ˵ϵ˵ĻĶ
{4}ϵ߶п͹ʵԣʵʹֻ˰˻Ȼڵ磬ʹ֮תΪΪ֮СȻ໥Լ໥͸ȻȻȻᣮʵָʵʹػΪԼγϣһ缴ĲϷչУ

ʶͳһ
һʶԺܶ
24(1ʶԴ
(1)ʶȻ糤ڷչĲ
һݱĽԴ࣬ųʶ
ڶʶĲһչ̡ԻڣʶеķӦ(еġġѧ)ͼĴ̼ӦԣٵһĶоȻչ˵ʶָٶһʶڱϸоԡӳԣǺϺ߼"
 (2ʶĲ
 ʶĲǴȻḶ́ͬһֵġΪ˵ʶ̡˵Ͷ˾ãͶΪʶĲṩ˿͹ҪٽԵγɣͶԣƶԵĸӻͽһƣͶԵĻԣʶĲǺûʶӷ֤ʶԶĲ

25(2ʶı
(1)ʶԵĻԣʶ
(2ʶʶԶԿ͹ӳ
 һʶǿ͹۵ġԲʶԴȪʶԴȪǿ͹磮ʶȷǴǶԿ͹۴ڵķӳȷķӳķӳԲԼʶκʶ͹۵ġԭ֮࣬͡Ҳ͹ԭ͡
ڶʶʽ۵ġΪʶʽԡʶ֮ĲԡʶĴԡʶʽʶݵĿ͹Իϲģ
ʶۺͿ͹۵ͳһ˼˵ںڸ˼ά̣Ϊɢٶ˼άʵĢڴʵֻ˼ά̵ⲿ֣ҵĿ෴Ķ˵ͷԲ˵ͷиʵĶѡʶݵĿ͹ԡʶʵԡΨ۵㣻ʶʽԡʶΪ ͬεڵĵ֭ʵĶӹΨ۵㡣
26(3ʶ
(1)ʶܶԻܶԵĺ壺ָʶʶ͸͹ܣ˵ܷӳ͹ﲢγɹӶָʵڿ͹
(2)ʶܶԵı֣ʶ
   پĿԡƻԡ
   ھи߶ȴԡܴûеĶעͣûеĶʶ
   ۶Ŀ       
 
ʶʻʶܿ壮
    ֤ơ
    ǰ꿼Ŀ
      Ĳʹɣ׺ǰĿӣ׹ڲţ
 ͨʵ͹磮Կ͹ķãʶܶͻı֣ʶܶԲͨʵγȷ˼ۡҪ˼롢ΪָͨʵѹĶΪʵȻķչдࡰ־ӡǡv˵˵ʶӳ͹磮Ҵ͹硱ġ硱ָʶγµĹ磬ȻͨʵѹΪʵ缴˵磮ΨǱ֤Ĺ۵㡣ǿʶԡܶԵĹ۵Ψ۵㣮

27(14ʺʶ֤ϵԭ
ʺʶ໥ģǿ͹۴ڣʶԡԴԣʶ۴ڣԣʲܴʶʶܴʡ໥ϵģʾʶʶܶķ棬ʾۺʶܶ۵ͳһ˼оԣеܴС
(1)ʵһԣʶڶԣʾʶʶʡʾʶԴʡҲʶõĲʶõĴС˵ʶõķӡһҲ벻˶Ϳ͹۹ɵԼá
(2)ʶʣָʶʶ磨ʶʵͬһ)͸ĹܡʶʵԶԵͻ֣
(3)ͨʵʿԱɾ񣬾Աʣë

28 5ʶ˹ܵĹϵʶʵԺܶ
(1)壺˹Ǹݿ۵ĻԭùģķģԵĲֹܣ
 (2)ʶ˹ܵĹϵ
  һ໥ϵ໥ٽ˹ܵı˼άģ⣬ģڹܱϴԵĲ˼άЧԡŴ˵ܡԹ໥ϵ໥ٽ֤ʵ˱֤Ψʶۣ
     ڶ˹б
 ԹĹ˹ʶĻеḶ́ԹܾԾ˹ûԾԣԹܾʹ˹ֻнԵָԶ⣬Եؽ⣻Թܾ˹ܲԣ֮˹ܾǱ˵ܡ˹˵һǿʵķ˼άᡱΪеķӵĺͻѧ˶ѵһͰ˼άıʰ𡱣

ͳһԣǶԵͳһ
29 1ͳһϲͬѧɱĶ   ԡԭ
 (1)һԪۺͶԪ۵ĶһԪһͳһıԭѿĶԪоԭͳһԡΪʺ;ʵ嶼ϵ۴ġջǵΨ壮
 (2)ΨһԪۺΨһԪ۵ĶΨһԪıʡĶͳһʣΨһԪıǾĶͳһھ(ͳһڡġͳһ)
30 2.Ȼ
  (1)ȻԣָȻ缰ǲ˵־ΪתƵĿ͹۴ڡ
ȻǰѴˣȻʹڡչʻǿ͹۵ģȻ˵־޹أǿ͹۵ġ
Ȼһ˶ʽ໥ϵġͼл߼˶Ҳһתģ֧˶صġصġ
2ԣΨʷΪͳһһ̬
ٵ˿ںʽڣԡ
 ǸΪӵ˶̬糤ڷչĲķչͬȻķչһҲǲ˵־ΪתƵģһȻʷ̣
31(2 3ͳһԭ
1ǶġΪ˶ʽǶġ˶ʽ֮ʵĲ𡣴ǧ硣ܡ˪쾺ɡֵľĶԡ̬ĶԵġɱġĸԣ
{2}ͳһԡǶģͳһġͳһʣʾǿ͹۴ڡ˹ڡۡһУֵͳһڴڵ۵ʱһȷָȻĴͳһԵǰᡣΪȴڡȻܹͳһġvͳһԲĴڣǵҰķΧ֮ȫһδ⣮ͳһԡԲħʦ仰֤ġѧȻѧĳڵĺͳķչ֤ģ˵͹۴ڵʵ磮ϴڵİʵľ̬ʶҲʵĲԣܶڣһб仯չĻ˵ϳ˶ŵʣʲôҲûж˶ŵֻڿռʱ֮ڲ˶
һдʵʳΨһԪ۵ĸҪ  塷
    ˹˵ ԭǳ㣬оĽ
    ͳһԭ˼ѧۻʯһдʵʳ˼·ߵۻһдʵʳǳΨһԪ۵ĸҪ32Ϊ
    1  ͳһʡǲ˵ʶڵģҪǼִӿ͹ʵʳؿ͹ʵʡʶ͹ʵʣʹǵ˼롢ʶϿ͹ʵʣ
    2  ʱ˶仯չҪһʱ䡢ص㡢Ϊתơʹ۷Ͽ͹۲ʵʷľͳһ͹ʵǱ仯չģˣʶʵҲҪӱ仯չ˵Ŀ͹ʵʳ
    3  ˶йɵģҪʶɣعɡʹʶʵϿ͹۹ɣ
    4  ͳһԭǼȷ˼뽩ʵʣҪ˼볬Խʵʣ

ص
    l  ֤Ψʹۣ֤Ψʹۼ壬˶˶뾲ֹ˶ʱ䡢ռĺ弰໥ϵ
    2  ֤Ψʵۣʵ塢塢нĺ壬ʵĻʽʵ̵Ҫڣĺ弰໥ϵ
    3  ֤Ψʶۣʶʵԡܶԣ
   ( 4  ʺʶı֤ϵԭ
   ( 5  ͳһԭ䷽壮

ϰ
4 аѲңһǧӡʫ̺ǣë1958
A  ˶Ŀ͹Ժʱͳһ
B ˶ԺʱյԵͳһ
C ˶ĶԺ;ֹĵһԵͳһ
D ˶ľԺ;ֹԵͳһ
D
10ʵ
 A  ˻Ȼͳһ
  B  ͹ͳһ
  C  Ȼ˻Ժͳһ
  D  ʵγɵϵܺ
  עͣʵʵ磬￼ľһӦѡA
18йŴѧ˵Ĳʹɡ׺ǰĿ׹ڲţλ˵ʶ
  A͹
  Bܶ
  C
  D
22׵ΨһԪ۵ĸҪ
  Aͳһ
  BʶʶĸԴ
  cһдʵʳ
  DһʽĶԪ
  עͣ￼Ƿ壬AһԪۣBΨ۵㣬cȷģ
    עͣǷӳʶĿԣܶԣӦѡB
4˵ʶԷΪ
    Aӳʽ
    aͬʶ֮Ĳ
    cԿ͹۶ӳĽ
    DԿ͹ﷴӳĳǰ
    Fﷴӳ
    עͣǵĽ̲3㣺ʶʽԡʶĲԡʶĴԣABû⣬cDEڴԵķ룬Ҳû⣮

5³Ѹ˵񻭹޶֤ר˼νпգػдˣȻ  дȴֻۡӡҲ۾һֻ  Ӷ߶ѡλ˵ͷеĹ
    Aͷ
    BԶԿ͹ӳ
    CԶԹ÷ӳ
    DԴҵԭ
    E˰Լ
עͣAͷԲͷֻǸӹAΨģB  ȷCڳϿ͹۴йԴ

6ϰ¼أ(ָѧ)һָлԻ֮˻ɽԿ䡣ءԻĩ˻ʱ˻ͬڼţ˻ʱ˻ɫһʱ֪˻⣮һ۵Ĵ
    A˶Իĸо뻨Ĵڵͬ
    B˶Իĸо뻨Ķʵ
    cΪ˶Իĸо뻨Ĵھͬһ
    D˶Իĸо͹۵ͳһ
    E϶˶Իĸоܶ
    עͣ⣬ȷ۵㶼Ǵ𰸣CEDȷ۵㣮ABȷ

7Ķ˵ͷԲ˵ͷиʵĶѣ  һʾ
    AĶʵĶǶͳһ
    BʶۺͿ͹۵ͳһ
    CʶԴȪ
    DĶǶʵܶӳ
    Eûбӳߣûзӳ
    עͣABDEԣc˵ʶôȷģ
8Ķ˵ͷԲ˵ͷиʵĶѡһʾ
    AʶԴȪ
    BʶԲ
    cʶǿ͹۴ڵӳ
    DĶͬʵĶǾͬһԵ
    Eӳߺͱӳȫͬһ
    עͣAǴģBӹΨ۵㣬CDҪEȫ֡
11  뾫Ĺϵܳ伢Ϊ
  A  ʲͬһ
  B  ʾԶ
  c  תΪ
  D  еķӳͬ
  F  ĶܴʵĶ
  עͣοʶı֤ϵԭ  ʶģAǴ۵㣬CҲǴ۵㣬DEȷģBĿBһȷĹ۵㣬Ⲣǡܳ伢ɣԲѡB


3ϵչ
    Ψ֤Ҫݣش״̬ôձϵͷչĹɡҪպⲿݣȱ֤ζѧ
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