1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
1. Ǵ鼮пɶ5,000 ǰ飬ѧд֡
2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.
2. ֱ,Щطǻд
3. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tales to another.
3. ǱʷΨһ취ǽʷ˵ɽһһؽʷʵΪ¿ڴ
4. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago,
4. Щ˵õģΪǸǺܾǰһЩ顣
5. but none could write down what they did.
5. ûд
6. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.
6. ѧҹȥ̫ƽϵĲ˵Ժη
7. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
7. ˵Ĵ˵ȴǣһԼ2,000ǰӡǨġ
8. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas,if they had any, are forgotten.
8. ǣƵԭʼ̫ԶˣˣйǵĴ˵ʹҲʧˡ
9. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.
9. ǣѧǼȱʷأ޿ͷ˵ŪġִˡǴġ
10. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint,
10. Ȼ ˵ǣԶʯͷ˹ߣرʯ
11. because this is easier to shape than other kinds.
11. Ϊʯ֮ʯͷ׳Ρ
12. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.
12. ҲùľͷƤණѸô
13. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
13. ʯͷǲḯõġˣЩߵ˵ĹͷѵȻ޴棬Զʱʯͷȴ
14. Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?
14. ܻ֣ ֩ôǵأ
15. Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.
15. Ϊô棬аһЩĴУ
16. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;
16. ͻʹ޷ڵȥ
17. they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,
17. ʳǵȫׯڣɱǵĳȺţ
18. if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
18. ҪһЩʳ涯ı
19. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.
19. ҪʮָлЩޣȻɱȫһҲֻ൱֩һС֡
20. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings.
20. ⣬֩벻ͬʳ涯˿ΣǺǵĲ
21. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.
21. Ϊ֩棬ǲ棬޹ϵ
22. One can tell the difference almost at a glance,
22. Ǽһ۾ܿߵĲ죬
23. for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six.
23. Ϊ֩붼8ȣȴӲ6
24. How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf?
24. ж֩ΪЧأ
25. One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England,
25. һλо֩ȨӢϲһƺϵ֩һε顣
26. and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre;
26. ÿӢĶƺ225ֻ֩롣
27. that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
27. ˵һԼ600ֻͬ֩롣
28. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.
28. ֩аæڳ档
29. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill,
29. һ˶棬Ǽֱ޷²⣬
30. but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.
30. ǳԲĶһ͡
31. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.
31. ݹƣӢ֩һ˿ڵ
32. Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport,
32. ִɽ˶ԱһܹǴ˶Ȥ·ʵɽ塣
33. and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.
33. Ϊ ·
34. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all.
34. Ȼڵɽ˶ĳڣȫȻ
35. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top,
35. ڵɽѰҵͨɽ;
36. because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never been attained before.
36. ΪرǰδĶ -- ѰĿꡣ
37. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature,
37. ȷʵ̽ǾĶǵѺΣգ
38. equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought,
38. װ֮ªʹִɽһ͵սľ
39. but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.
39. ǣǲǹѰִ̼
40. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!
40. ֻһĿ꣬ΨһĿ -- 壡
41. It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.
41. ǽյĵɽǶôࡣ
42. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular,
42. غһܿĵط⣬
43. Alpine village tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.
43. ˹ɽɽС弸ȫǸɽƧ
44. Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden;
44. Сջһ㶼ܰ࣬ⱡ
45. the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.
45. ʳǵصĸҺͨһ֮õǾӾʳ
46. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could
46. ɽﳣûСջɽֻ
47. sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners),
47. ʱͬʦ ͨĽһסһ
48. sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers.
48. ʱͬ˻ҵסһ
49. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable.
49. סĶһࡢƶ䲻ʡ
50. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed.
50. ڹһٷ7ˡ˯ϸ˵任һ˹ɽɽһǺܼѵġ
51. Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers,
51. ˹˼ָʶֺͱɫ
52. and even see through solid doors and walls.
52. ͸ʵźǽ
53. One case concerns and eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova,
53. һ̸һά.޵11ѧ
54. who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.
54. 볣һƤĲͬλ϶ʵǽڡ
55. This ability was first noticed by her father.
55. ȷһܵġ
56. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe.
56. һ죬ά߽׵İ칫ңżȻַһŵıչϣ
57. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.
57. ͻȻʸΪʲôôľɱֽڹ˵˱ֽ
58. Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives,
58. ά칦Ҹŵ˹˳һеλע⡣
59. and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic.
59. 4˹һرίԱһϵеĲԡ
60. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and,
60. ЩУܸŲ͸Ļֽ
61. stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it;
61. ΪֵǣⲿڶͯġСֽƶһ£˵ӡֽϵֺɫ
62. and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet.
62. һΣųͲӺЬýŲʶڵ̺һɫ
63. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity.
63. ʵϥǺ˫Ƶĸо
64. During all these tests Vera was blindfold;
64. ЩʵУά˫۶ŵġ
65. and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin.
65. ˫ƤͲپʶ
66. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.
66. ǧȷġͬʱָ֣ʶһŪʪֹܱʧ
67. People are always talking about 'the problem of youth'.
67. ̸ۡ⡱
68. If there is one -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.
68. ڵĻ -- ҶԴ˳ֻ̬ -- ô˶ɵġ
69. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings -- people just like their elders.
69. оһЩʵ˺ǵĳһҲˡ
70. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one:
70. ˺ֻһ
71. the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him:
71. йԲõǰ˵ĻԻѳΪȥ
72. and maybe that is where the rub is.
72. ֢¾
73. When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain -- that I was a new boy in a huge school,
73. ʮʱܸеԼᣬЩò׼ -- һѧһ
74. and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.
74. ҵʱıһȤһеܵġ
75. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.
75. Ϊʹҵõĳֳϣ׷ġ
76. I find young people exciting.
76. Ҿܣ
77. They have an air of freedom, and they not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.
77. ޾Ȳ׷𱰱ɵҲ̰ͼʡ
78. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.
78. ǲҲһζ׷ܡ
79. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things.
79. ҿЩʹ֮Դϵһ
80. It's as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.
80. ĳϽƺˣͬЩγǿҶĶա
81. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person.
81. ÿˣ뵽
82. He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous,
82. ЩҲԸֹ֪
83. but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders
83. ҲӦسһ׳´ĵΪԼ滤
84. as if mere age were a reason for respect.
84. ƺ곤𾴵ɡ
85. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.
85. ΪҺƽȵġΪǴˣҾƽȵݺס
86. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations,
86. Ǿ㵲ѡ˵˶ɴ֮꣬
87. and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket,
87. ˵򳡻Ͻ棬
88. they would have no inclination to meet on the hattlefield.
88. ͲԸսϲɱʱ
89. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples
89. һ˼ʹܴӾ
90. (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance)
90. 1936İƥ˶ᣩ
91. that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
91. ˽⵽˶ᵼ·ĳޣҲԴӳƶϳۡ
92. Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive.
92. ڿչ˶ǾԵġ
93. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
93. μӱΪȡʤȥӮûʲôˡ
94. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved,
94. ĲƺϣӣҲ漰κεطʱ
95. it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise:
95. ǲſǵΪֺͶб
96. but as soon as the question of prestige arises,
96. һ漰⣬
97. as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose,
97. һ뵽ĳһΪʱ
98. the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
98. ôҰԱἤ
99. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.
99. ʹǽμӹѧУҲᡣ
100. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare.
100. ڹʱУֱһģս
101. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators:
101. ǣҪĻ˶ԱΪǹڵ̬ȣ
102. and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests,
102. Լҵ̬ȡЩƵıĸһ
103. and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
103. ɷнµ -- ڶ -- ܡǶһƷʵļ顣
104. Not all sounds made by animals serve as language,
104. ﷢Խʡ
105. and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
105. ֻҪһλһѰķ֣Ϳ̽һʲôоԵʵüֵ
106. To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.
106. Ҫ͸仰壬ӦȻعһļ
107. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.
107. Ҷ֪ǽڻɽĺͻ
108. The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.
108. ϰԽԶʱԽ
109. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom,
109. ͨûմӺ׷
110. and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.
110. ʱ䣬ôȡ
111. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.
111. ͲĿǰִձӦõĻ̽ǡ
112. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.
112. κι߷ĴСʵĲͬͬ
113. A shoal of fish will do this.
113. ȺҲ
114. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.
114. ӲⶨⶨȺһչȽס
115. With experience, and with improved apparatus,
115. ݾ͸Ľ˵
116. it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.
116. ܹȷȺλãҿԸȺصֱ㡢㣬Ϥ㡣
117. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes,
117. Ƿ֣ĳЩܷͨ
118. they can locate and steer clear of obstacles -- or locate flying insects on which they feed.
118. ȷ㿪ϰҵΪ档
119. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
119. ֻλ״ȽϣԭƵġ
120. Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.
120. ³ĹԱ˵׵ļװŷ޵Ĳ
121. No, say the American: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way.
121. ˵ǵļݺܺãֻʹһϴʽ
122. These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
122. ǰǸϵĲ죬ǹ˰谭˷֮óס
123. It is not just farmers who are complaining.
123. ũڱԹ
124. An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States,
124. һѷŷ˰ȫ׼ĵ綯뵶õԱϿɣгۣ
125. and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before is hits the market in Europe.
125. ͸ҲҪõŷ˵׿ϲܽŷг
126. As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans.
126. ŷʹðȫ뵶ʹ˴
127. So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do?
127. ˣҵʣһײԿԽʱΪʲôҪأ
128. Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products.
128. μԭͬˣ ˣŷһֱѰЭ飬ԱΪƷȡ˫ؼ顣
129. They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28TH.
129. ϣЭ飬Ϊ528վеŷó׵ͨ׼
130. Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.
130. Ȼ̸дֹ̬ȣЭϸ˸ӣٵѺܿʹ޷ȡһ¡
131. Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements.
131. Ϊʲôأ֮һЩЭ顣
132. The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing.
132. ˺Ըҽеı׼һЭ飬ȻóͬĺͬԺ -- ˵ -- ӲƷҩƷ
133. The EU -- following fine continental traditions -- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.
133. ŷѭĴ½ͳϣձԭȡһ£Щԭ಻ͬƷͬʱ쵽ҡ
134. Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.
134. ׵´Գ䵱θֵӵӪ졣
135. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.
135. ʱ˼ĵθֵܻӭ
136. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport.
136. ǲսԱپǵ֤ͨ
137. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.
137. ʱѧ裬ܴһЩӼСħʹԼĽĿ
138. While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders.
138. ׵ľӿʼڰʱǱ뵤˾ٹɪķӪء
139. There had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went.
139. бķӪ׼ױ˵ء
140. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual.
140. ϷֵɳڣԾӣȫʩ
141. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions.
141. ǿӶḽĵĲʵ
142. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.
142. ǲѹγԵĺȵģӸŮݵʹӱ
143. Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney.
143. ׵ڵӪһں󣬻ص˰ɡ
144. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde.
144. ľӺ͵΢ģ
145. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle:
145. Ȼ׵¶϶ѲӦ־õս
146. and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.
146. ǵľ蹩Ӧ֯״ֻ̬ǿʱά֡
147. So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.
147. ˣԵ˵Ľ׵ûóȻͬսǲɧŵ˵ս
148. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him.
148. ĲӲͣƶǣŵ˵ıӣǸܡ
149. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army.
149. ɳѲ߶ֹ٣вŵӡ
150. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes -- and within a month the Danes had surrendered.
150. ʱ׵·һСģĽһ£˾Ͷˡ
151. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!
151. һĻʷ˵ҵʵƪ¡.
152. Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future.
152. ķչпܰѹδ
153. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology,
153. .׵ -- ɵ·һλѧԺļ
154. notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.
154. ע⵽Щվʹ̼Աǵİ칫ơоƬһλ༭ƻϱһʱͨѶһ
155. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars,
155. һоƬʱ죬ҲֻмԪ
156. engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.
156. ˣ̼ԱܺܿͿɳַǵʧܶɾϵʧ
157. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office
157. ׵ԤԷ߿ڰ칫һĩʱġܺǿġͻƵоƬ
158. 'We're got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.'
158. и䣬ˣ׵˵ȷʵǿ״̬չġ
159. And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms.
159. ˡ๫˾й̼ԱĴǶ˺ˡ
160. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges.
160. йɱӡȵĹʦһشӼݵĴѧҵ
161. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets.
161. Ϊ¾һĴͷˣᷢҿƾϰߺϵƣؼ̫ƽذгι̵ϵ
162. For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market.
162. ˵˹.£һλ۵˹̹ѧʿѾ̨彨ձڴгϽ¢ϵľս
163. India-born N.Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri.
163. ӡȳN.Ī.׵ϾӪССļݹ˾ڿ˹绰籨˾һоƬݻȡ˲ϵ֧֡
164. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.
164. ڹȱһݴ֮ǰܿܳΪȫҵһѧء
165. Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.
165. ЩΪеա
166. In the young there is a justification for this feeling.
166. ָопԭġ
167. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
167. ɺԼսϵˣ뵽ԼܸõĶʱеʹ࣬ǿġ
168. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do,
168. Ѿ˼ĸʿ࣬һĶˣ
169. the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.
169. еֿɱɡ
170. The best way to overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal,
170. ˷ð취 -- ҿ -- ʹԼȤӹ㷺
171. until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.
171. 𽥰ѸСȦӣֱҵΧǽһһصԼغںһ
172. An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.
172. ˵ĴӦһʼСؼм䣬鱼ŵسʯٲ
173. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.
173. Ȼ潥ر󳷣ˮƽ಻ϵػ󺣣ʹʧȥҵĴڡ
174. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.
174. ͵ͲоˣΪԼĵһ¼ȥ
175. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome.
175. ߣž˥ˣ˵ƣгߵԸδһ飬
176. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
176. ϣΪֹ˻ҵδҵ뵽¶ˣҲ̹Ȼˡ
177. When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.
177. κпһ˻͵ڰǮСǮʱȡȡķʽȡֽҲǿһΪտ˵֧Ʊ
178. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn.
178. 봢ĹϵҪծ˺ծȨ˵Ĺϵ˭ծ˭ծȨˣҪн໹͸֧
179. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another.
179. һļ򵥵ĸ⣬кʹ˴˻е
180. Many of these obligations can give in to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.
180. ;סǴԹɶԼ
181. The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else.
181. бմа£˵ָ
182. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques draw by himself.
182. 磬״пʱĴֻƾǩֵ֧Ʊȡ
183. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheques on which its customer's signature has been forged.
183. ԼǩУԴһǳϸĹ涨ûκȨɰѴǮα촢֧Ʊȡߡ
184. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature.
184. ʹαúҲܸΪαϳ䴢ǩ
185. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.
185. ˣĳЩѲðѴӡ֧ƱϵԴ޷ա
186. If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.
186. αĻʧĽǴС
187. The deepest holes of all made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet.
187. жѨУΪѰʯĶģЩ25,000Ӣߡ
188. But we not need to send men down to get the oil our, as we must with other mineral deposits.
188. ǣǲ񿪲͵ȥʯȡ
189. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter.
189. ЩֻһЩףֱ1Ӣߡ
190. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity.
190. רŸʯ͵ģѰʯͱκβɿҵԸĽ̽Ĺ׶Ҫ
191. When is has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick.
191. ȷ׵صǾһܡ
192. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle,
192. ܱܸߣΪһͻ顣
193. and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.
193. ǱѺܳһڽڵ£Ȼٴӵ˶װķתĵײװͷ
194. The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit.
194. ѧҪ֪ͷԵʲôҲ㣬ʱҪоͷȡ
195. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through.
195. ͷиһι⻬Բʯܿ͸ĵز㡣
196. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from or water, is pushing it.
196. һͲ㣬ʯ;ͻڵ¾޴ѹ־޴ѹԵȻˮ
197. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe.
197. ѹԿƣ཰˳ѭַѹ
198. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.
198. Ǿʹó¾羮˷ʯͺȻ
199. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.
199. Ҫʯھ£ֱһпƵķΪֹ
200. Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
200. õϵԤкǿĲ²ԣ죬Ԥûκμֵ
201. The Butterfly Effect is the reason.
201. ԭǺЧӦ
202. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly.
202. СƬĶ -- һȫԵԤԱ˵Сζױͱѩ -- κԤܿ½
203. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.
203. Ͳɿһϵ״Сͱ緢չֻϿԿϯ½С
204. The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart,
204. ִģһͼʾͼÿԼǼ60Ӣ
205. and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere.
205. ʹЩʼʱҲòƲ⣬Ϊ湤վǲܿϵÿһط
206. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere.
206. ϿԲÿ1Ӣߣ1ӢߵļӵһֱеĶˡ
207. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want.
207. ټٶÿ׼ȷض¶ȡѹ¶ȺѧҪκݡ
208. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...
208. ʱ֣һܾ޴ļѼеϣÿһ120112021203ʱֵܳ
209. The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away.
209. ޷ƶϳ1Ժĳһ죬ݵ˹پ컹졣
210. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average.
210. ʱ֣֮ľڸǼ޷֪Ĳκƫƽֵı仯
211. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away.
211. 1201ʱЩѾ1ӢԶĵطƫ
212. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.
212. ܿƫӵ10ӢķΧ˵ȵȣһֱȫķΧ
213. Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
213. صطҵпѧоЧʣ
214. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out,
214. һǿйձڵıգ
215. the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
215. оԱȱɡ
216. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities,
216. κһо漰ܣЩ¿еԱȻܵơǲܺҡѧ
217. or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
217. 뱾˾ŵͬǽЧĽӴ
218. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.
218. ̶ܳȻܴ
219. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
219. ĳЩ˾еоһͻо˲ܶǲ
220. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
220. Ȼоĺܶ๤ճȫܵ½еģֱȡרȨĽ׶Ϊֹ
221. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.
221. Ĺչ̸ͲȡרȨΪطš
222. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
222. ⻯ѧҵΪͻͬͻеҵȣѧҵżȻֵĻҪöࡣ
223. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.
223. ʱܾﵽĳ̶ȣоʶ׼ἰ
224. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book,
224. 磬ܶ๫˾ͼݽĿƼ鼮ʱеѣΪǲԸ˼Ҽǹ˾ֺͽĵĳһ顣
225. for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
225. ±Ĺ˾鱨ԱݴǿҪµĳĿ
226. In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected.
226. ڹҵ֯УԹ˵;״̬Ӱȫˡ
227. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.
227. ִҵĻǣͳɱȡƷΪĳ˻ĳһ˾ܶ׬Ǯ
228. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines,
228. ִҵչˣȴû뵽˵ıʡ
229. and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.
229. һΪ淽ʽǿӸˣȴ˼淽ʽ˼Ӱ졣
230. The great cities have been built with no regard for us.
230. еĽǡ
231. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them.
231. Ħ¥ȫǰҪ޽ģÿƽӢߵƤȡⷿṩʹİ칫Һס
232. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.
232. ͵Ħðεض𣬴ڶ˼һ
233. Civilized men like such a way of living.
233. ϲһʽ
234. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.
234. Լסլʺӹ׵ĺʱȴûʶĶ
235. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.
235. ˵ĸ¥խĽֵ˽ִĳСֵϳζж壬̶̣ﲻȺȥ
236. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.
236. Ȼִĳв滮ġ
237. In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit.
237. ڰĴڣһЩдҵǵذŷ˰Ĵǡ
238. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits.
238. ڰĴǼûУ˱еҽѸͷֳ
239. It overran a whole continent.
239. ӳ֡
240. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle.
240. ڵ´򶴣Եͷţݣ޴½˻Եƻ
241. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis.
241. ѧǷ֣ƷֵӣȻĶ׻һֽС෢ճҺԼ
242. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created.
242. ͨȾϴ˲ĶڶܣͿʹּһ
243. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits.
243. ַ֣һǴּý飬ܰѴ˲Ⱦӡ
244. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one.
244. ˣط跨ӵʱ򣬰ĴȴڴʹӴֳ
245. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population.
245. Ӱּɢ޴½ЧѣӵĿΪ١
246. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated.
246. ԿӶּѲһ̶ȵӲܱȫ
247. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.
247. ǣϣ⡣
248. Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence.
248. зζǣŷްΪкﴫޣŷԼȴȾΪ߰ļ
249. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis.
249. һλڿҽԼׯ԰ڵҰӣֶ෢ճҺ
250. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate.
250. Ȼּδׯ԰ڣ
251. It spread through France,
251. ӿ
252. Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food supply,
252. Ұڷһ㲻кΪȡֵõʳԴ
253. and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry.
253. ּӵӢӢҰñкĶǼ׬ǮëƤҵĻȻͬ׸Ⱦּ
254. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.
254. ڵǣܷסΪļ
255. There has long been a superstition among mariners
255. Աһŵ˵
256. that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface,
256. ΪѿҪеˮ棬
257. or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.
257. Χжӱʹ˺
258. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that,
258. Ӱҵѧָ
259. however intelligent they may be,
259. ۺô
260. it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving.
260. Ϊо˵ĶǴġ
261. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being
261. żһʧȥ֪Ƶʱ
262. they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport,
262. ĿǳںϷ
263. as in riding the bow waves of a ship.
263. ׷𱻴翪˻һ
264. In 1928 some porpoises were photographer working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress.
264. 1928꣬㵽˺һѽ͸ˮĴϰ龰
265. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks,
265. 籨˵ౣ˲ֺ
266. it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.
266. ôǿǳں棻ŵ˿ʳһٵζ
267. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies.
267. ȻУ
268. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued,
268. ˫֮
269. with the sharks being driven away or killed.
269. Ǻ߻ҧ㡣
270. Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.
270. ԷǻĶȤ㣬Ұޡ
271. They are constantly after the turtles,
271. Ǿ׷𺣹꣬
272. who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.
272. ˳Ÿ衣
273. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout
273. һֻСرϲñӰѺƵˮ棬
274. and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane.
274. ȻˮһѺˮصһƵһߡ
275. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life.
275. ÿ춼ԿһֻСѱӶһֻ300صĺӲ棬ƴذ
276. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together.
276. Ⲣ£ҪֻϻɲС
277. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium,
277. һϷУιˮʱ
278. the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly.
278. һֻϷȥøײǡ
279. This knocks the turtle down several feet.
279. һӰѺײȥüӢߡ
280. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.
280. ջָƽ⣬ڶֳֻͻһ¡
281. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank.
281. ֻձײصס
282. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up,
282. ʱĺֻ꣬Ҫվˣ
283. but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat.
283. վͱһֻ
284. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.
284. ˣ4ڡϷ˽
285. It is fairly clear that sleeping period must have some function,
285. ˯߱Ȼĳá
286. and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.
286. ˯ռȥôʱ䣬ƺǺҪ
287. Speculations about is nature have been going on for literally thousands of years,
287. Ƕ˯õֲ²⣬ȷʵǧ֮á
288. and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.
288. һʹ˶еֵķǣ˯ں̶ܴƺΪʹõϢ
289. 'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on,
289. Ϣʹõɵȷ
290. can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.
290. ֻҪ΢һɣһܴﵽ
291. The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree,
291. ֯һ̶޲һָ
292. and function best when more or less continuously active.
292. гڵʱ书ѡ
293. In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep
293. ʵϣ˯״̬ŻĻ
294. which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.
294. Էֹֹͣ
295. If it is not a question of resting the body,
295. ˯ߵĹܲʹõϢ
296. then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?
296. ôҲôԵϢ
297. This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.
297. 㣬ּʹƺеġ
298. First the electroencephalograph
298. һ㣬Եͼ¼
299. shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep,
299. ʾ˯ʱԻķʽб仯
300. there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.
300. ûмκμ١
301. The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental.
301. ڶ˼ҲҪ
302. Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.
302. ǰЩ꣬һλѧ߷һƪ棬м¼˯ʱĻ
303. He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements,
303. ָƽ˵˯вʱһֵӻ
304. some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.
304. ЩеƮеļ١
305. People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming.
305. ڼ䱻ѵ˶˵ԼΣ
306. When woken at other times they reported no dreams.
306. ڼǣ˵ûΡ
307. If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end,
307. ˣһҹӻʱѣ
308. and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were no exhibiting eye-movements,
308. һҲҹѣûʱѵġ
309. the first group began to show some personality disorders
309. һ˿ʼԸʧ
310. while the others seemed more or less unaffected.
310. ڶƺûʲôӰ졣
311. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered,but the disturbance of dreaming.
311. һаʾǣ˯ܵûϵܵġ
312. How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery.
312. Һģһա
313. Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own,
313. ߵҺ˵Һһͣʱ䣬
314. was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.
314. ݱ˽޷ĶҺ
315. It was not forced upon them by the survival competition;
315. Һ澺ǿӸǵģ
316. they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison,
316. ҲԲöҺ׽棬
317. just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do.
317. ǧ޶
318. Poison to a snake is merely a luxury;
318. ҺԶ˵ֻһԽֶΣ
319. it enables it to get its food with very little effort,
319. ʹ߲÷Ѷܲʳ
320. no more effort than one bite.
320. ҧһڼɡ
321. And why only snakes?
321. Ϊʲôֻ߲жҺأ
322. Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped;
322. Ʃ˵èжҺǶèа
323. no running fights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits
323. Ͳٺִ׵ܱ߲ˣҲٺʹŤˣ
324. In fact, it would be an assistance to all carnivores
324. ˣκʳ⶯˶Һܴл档
325. though it would be a two-edged weapon when they fought each other.
325. ໥˺ʱҺͳײΰɱԷҲԱԷĶҺɱ
326. But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard).
326. Ȼڼ׵УȻģֻѡߣһ棩
327. One wonders saliva into why Nature, with respect from that of others, as other on the blood.
327. ŪȻΪʲôĳЩߵϵƳ˸ЧĶҺ
328. In the conversion of saliva into poison, one might suppose that a fixed process took place.
328. ǿΪҺתɶҺй̶ĳ
329. It did not;
329. ʵûС
330. some snakes manufacture a poison different in every respect from that of others,
330. Щ߲ĶҺҲڸһЩ߲ĶҺͬ
331. as different as arsenic is from strychnine,
331. ˪ͬǮӼһ
332. and having different effects.
332. ߲ͬĶҺЧͬ
333. One poison acts on the nerves, the other on the blood.
333. һֶҺ񾭣һֶҺѪҺ
334. The makers of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobras
334. 񾭶Һһַ۾ߺ۾ߣ
335. and their venom is called neurotoxic.
335. ǵĶҺΪ񾭶ء
336. Vipers (adders) and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison,
336. ߣߣβ߲ѪҺأ
337. which is known as haemolytic.
337. ΪѪԶҺ
338. Both poisons are unpleasant,
338. ֶҺܿ£
339. but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison.
339. ѪԶҺ
340. It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two,
340. ˵񾭶ҺֶҺǽΪԭʼһ֣
341. that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula.
341. ѪԶҺȷ˵Ǹݸ䷽һֽµĲƷ
342. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.
342. 񾭶ҺѪԶҺÿöࡣ
343. This, however, means nothing.
343. ǣûʲôϵ
344. Snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man
344. ΪжҺԸ˵ģ
345. but for use against prey such as rats and mice,
345. ǶԸ࣬
346. and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate.
346. ҺЩá
347. William S. hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars,
347. .S.شӰеٮٮߡ
348. fro unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne
348. ͼ.ŰءԼ.Τͬ
349. he appeared in nothing but Westerns.
349. ֻӰаݽɫ
350. From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged.
350. 19141924ڼ䣬һָӰ̳
351. It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film,
351. ӰĻ
352. and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made,
352. ԼӰƬ˹
353. the good-bad man, the accidental-noble outlaw,
353. Ϊǻ˵ĺˣϵĸеӷ
354. or the honest-but-framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip;
354. ʵȴݺţлɵ˾١
355. in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.
355. ֮˹һìܣػĻìܵ
356. Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood,
356. 󲿷ͬʱںԱͬ
357. Hart actually knew something of the old West.
357. ȷʵ˽ػһЩ
358. He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing,
358. Ϊһʱػʧ
359. and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences,
359. Ӣ˵ļ;֮У
360. and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier.
360. ҲйѾʧػʷ֮С
361. And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized,
361. Ȼʷûκʱڻػʱ廯ˣ
362. myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena,
362. 񻰺ʵĳһ̨Ϲ棬
363. the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization.
363. ҲǴڸ뽥ߵĳͻ֮С
364. Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indians were bewildered by politicians, bankers and businessmen,
364. ϰȻӡڰػ߱͡мҺ˸ͷת
365. and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos.
365. Ȧءܡ
366. Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider,
366. ذݵıΪ˵ĺһˣ
367. always one of the disinherited,
367. һ̳Ȩˡ
368. and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way,
368. ΪڽйбҪǹһ˾ٻһУ
369. his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive,
369. ڹں׽ܣӦԭ
370. especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.
370. رǵսʤǰӡڰʱڸԭ
371. Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century
371. 2020ĹΪ
372. found it pleasant to escape to a time when life,though hard, was relatively simple.
372. ӵһʹ൫ȽϼӵʱȥǼ£
373. We still do;
373. ǽָо
374. living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives,
374. 񣬲սԡսαթƭ״̬ԼͷĻճһ֣
375. we all want a code to live by.
375. ǶϣһΪ׼
376. Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world?
376. ΪʲôִԵͻ
377. Surely progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest.
377. ΪһĽʵΧұԽԽԡ
378. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality,
378. Ȼ͵ûеõձߣ
379. it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge.
379. ֪ʶ۷ȴȡ˾޴Ľ
380. Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech.
380. һͬ˽˼룬֪ʶĻ۱㿪ʼˡ
381. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored.
381. дķһ󲽣Ϊһ֪ʶܴܽˡ
382. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries:
382. ʹΪܣַḻ˲飬
383. the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law,
383. Ϊ֪ʶѭһ֡ѩ򡱵Ĺɡ
384. which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.
384. ӡˢķִ֪ʶٶȡ
385. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised.
385. ЩչȽϻſѧĵٶȲͻȻӿ졣
386. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan.
386. ǣ֪ʶ㿪ʼϵͳмƻػ
387. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent.
387. ϸСϪСϪѱ˱ڵĽӡ
388. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account.
388. ң֪ʶһãõʵӦá
389. What is called 'modern civilization' is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature.
389. νִ˵ƽⷢչĽ
390. but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life.
390. ǻ֪ʶӦõʵеĽ
391. The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge?
391. ٵǣЩ֪ʶȥʲô
392. As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
392. ǳָģ֪ʶһ˫е츣ҲΪ
393. It is now being used indifferently for both.
393. ĵذ֪ʶ棬
394. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.
394. 磺ڱÿѧٻ˵塢ҽڸÿѧȱڱٻ壬ʲô龰¡ֵǲòԼ֪ʶǼ֪ʶ˫
395. No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight;
395. ûκķзʽͬġ
396. the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen.
396. ķзʽǧ𣬵ϿɷΪࡣ
397. Any shi that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross,
397. κһҺ̫ƽִһС̰졣
398. Which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing.
398. 洬һСʱҲѵüȶһ³
399. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress.
399. شغǰ־㹻ĸ
400. The albatross is the king of the gliders,
400. ǻе֮
401. the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.
401. ؼԦ˳С
402. In the contrary school, the duck is supreme.
402. 뻬ԵһУҰѼߡ
403. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts.
403. Կġ˿ķ
404. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with such-like muscles,
404. ҰѼƵĸ츳ĸļ⣬
405. that are a good part of the weight of the bird,
405. ռصĺܴһ֡
406. and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows.
406. ЩԾ޴ȶСĳʹܶŴкԶ·Żƣ͡
407. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire.
407. ҰѼ͸ӵ𳣬Ƶľ޴ƶܿƣ͡
408. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey.
408. ʹǷкܳ룬ԼһЩƣˤ𳡣
409. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure.
409. ӳּĳ
410. It tires not, nor does it boast of its power;
410. ȲƣͣҲҫԼķ
411. but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies,
411. ڿʮ磬Է6000ӢԷѵϼңٴϼҷɻأһ߷һιɵĳ࣬ڶʱҲл裬ƺڰǰЩģ
412. and slipping through we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that;
412. Ȼǲٴǵķ̬ռף
413. and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.
413. ŵĴҲٶϲȵñף簲ˡ
414. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to world that lies beyond.
414. һ˿䣬޷ͱлļ飬óۣ䴦ͨңԶĴš
415. It is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence,
415. ˭ǿҸܵʱ̣жһ룺ƺƳһǵһ߹â
416. different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher.
416. Ǹ粻ͬ磬еǿҸȾĳЩá
417. And, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined.
417. Ȼâۻңȷʵһֲ޷к;׵ʾ
418. Greater too than we can describe;
418. к;޷ģ
419. for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another.
419. ΪǷĺ壬ȥһ硣
420. That all great has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable.
420. ɷϣһΰʹ뵽
421. In some moods, Nature shares it.
421. ĳ״̬£ȻҲ
422. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer,
422. εʹңһεĲ񷣻
423. no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves and indefinable longing and regret.
423. ܻһѤľδһţи²״Ŀꡣ
424. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars,
424. 粻ֻһ׾ӵĶ磬ֻȺǺƽһ
425. and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries;
425. ڲֻǶһֿЦ
426. if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us.
426. ĳİʾаҲħΪ׽ŪǣʹǷ͸ǵа
427. if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.
427. һ仰ĳĻǧҪȥ塣
428. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it,
428. Ƴֻ᲻Դͼ˵ϲǵģ
429. nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp.
429. ǲҲӦȥĳ塣
430. Beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless.
430. öĴʽûġ
431. Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise,
431. ڹҵŹھз۵˶ᣬ
432. regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time;
432. Ϊе˷ʱ䣬
433. they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.
433. ԸܶӰ졣
434. On the other hand,those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society.
434. һ棬
435. those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society.
435. Щʱòֵ֤֧ϣһΪỷҪ
436. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with had science.
436. ҪǼ£׾ӵĿѧһĻͲᱻΣǺźġ
437. One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness.
437. һָǣ񲡡
438. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress,
438. 磬һܱһƪ£ϷһעĿĲͼһλɥŮӡ
439. with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'.
439. ͼ˵һܺߣֻеĿ档
440. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital.
440. Ǽеؿĺ󣬱֪ŮǸԱ칫ҴֻʹԽԽס˾ҽԺ
441. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one merely a symptom?
441. ŵ֮޷ϵˣ񣩲أǣ񣩲֢״֮һǶıԹ
442. Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her,
442. һλ˿ͬɱԹ˵ھз̰Ⱥ
443. and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
443. ǲıԹ
444. What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions,
444. ⣬ҪԴе˽о
445. to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are.
445. һǷ˸׻񲡡
446. Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers:
446. 磬ǰЩʱںĸϹˣ
447. the study was known as Project Anehin.
447. ε鱻֮ΪӢ̡
448. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome;
448. ʹסӢĵطҲʹܡ
449. if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft,
449. ˣͼжӵͬһװʲôζĻ
450. you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise.
450. ͻʶִоĺõط
451. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.
451. ǣܽоѧĵʣǽп͹۵ĲԣʾЩˮκӰ졣
452. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies:
452. ֻ֤ʵӢЩʱоۣ
453. if there is any effect of noise upon mental health,
453. Ծ񽡿ӰĻ
454. it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it.
454. Ҳһ΢΢ִľϷֲˡ
455. That does not prove that it does exist:
455. Ⲣ֤ʵԽӰ졣
456. but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is mental health hazard.
456. ȷʵ˵Σ -- ˵ -- ڹ¶ԺܵΣҪСһЩ¶ԺΣ񽡿ĵط
457. It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved,
457. ֻˮлˮߵĶֲʬпܱ
458. for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial,
458. ΪıҪ֮һѸ
459. and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes,
459. ֻɳͣٻĺͽʱں
460. where mud and sit have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
460. ʬ֮ĶܱѸٵظǶ
461. But even in the most favourable circumstances
461. ʹĻУ
462. only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them.
462. ȥҲֻһСڿʼǰڱʳԵ֮ǰ
463. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else,
463. ΪһﶼǿԱĶģ
464. whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive,
464. ֲֶﻹǶĻǻģ
465. and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided.
465. ˣżܱⱻԵˡ
466. The remains of plants and animals that lived on land are much more rarely preserved,
466. ½Ķֲ屻ĸΪ
467. for there is seldom anything to cover them over.
467. Ϊ½ϼûʲôǡ
468. When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying bout,
468. пüķȥ
469. not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see,
469. в۵֮С
470. it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on the roads.
470. ǣ·ϣЩʬ壬
471. They decompose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature.
471. ΪǸ֮ܿͱ绯򱻱ĶԵˡ
472. It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive,
472. ĳЩ½ضű
473. as by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse,
473. ԵĶѨѷ
474. like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator.
474. ǳëУʱ񱻷ڱһ
475. This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition.
475. 򿨳ëģұúܺá
476. In his mouth were the remains of fir trees -- the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse and broke his back.
476. ﻹɼ -- ϶۶ϼ׵֮ǰһٷ
477. The mammoth has now just a suburb of Los Angeles.
477. ͷëѱ޸ִʥ˵ñѧݡ
478. Apparently what happened was that water collected on these tar pits, and the bigger animals like the elephants ventured out on to the apparently firm surface to drink, and were promptly bogged in the tar.
478. еĶȻﱻ.. -- ɼĽֵĴ󡢽ݻȻľˮĴðյƺ̵ˮȥ
479. And then, when they were dead, the carnivores, like the sabre-toothed cats and the giant wolves, came out to feed and suffered exactly the same fate.
479. һЩʳ⶯罣ݻʹǾԴ󣬽⵽ͬˡ
480. There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.
480. ﻹֻʬ塣
481. From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea.
481. 1628꣬һҴ󷫴ڴŮʱͳûˣݲ7۹ĹǺʷ¼֮һ
482. For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956.
482. Ҵ˹¸Ħۿڵĺ˽ֱ֮1956ű֡
483. This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet.
483. ǡţ۹󽢵Ļʼ콢
484. King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated her measurements and armament.
484. ʱųơ쫷硱Ĺ˹˹.ڡʮսľ¶ʢ׶ΣԹ涨ҴĹģ䱸
485. Triple gun-decks mounted sixty-four bronze cannon.
485. 3Ļڼװװ۵4ͭũڣ
486. She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden.
486. ĿľҪڲá
487. As she was prepared of her maiden voyage on August 10, 1628, Stockholm was in a ferment.
487. 1628810գ׼׺ʱ˹¸ĦһƬڡ
488. From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind.
488. Ǵ˹˹ʺΧĵǰս﷫𺽣˷ǰ
489. They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art;
489. 3ŽˮƷ
490. she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship.
490. κδ̵ֻöӾװεöӻ
491. The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors, mermaids, cherubs;
491. ʵĴ¥ϵۻҵɡħʿʿСʹ
492. and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with rea and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and cruelty,
492. úɫɫɫƵĹʶĿͼ¸ҡͲб
493. were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day.
493. Լʱŵˮǵ
494. Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply.
494. ʱͣڸۿڵս񣬡Ҳڻ
495. As the emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags colour,she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before.
495. Ŵгʱͷ˻ӽӭչƮ΢緫̻Ի͵Ĵ¥ҫŲõɫʡչֵ׳۾˹¸Ħ˴δġϵۿţ
496. As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port.
496. ǿʱͻȻһ磬ֵҡһ£б
497. The Ordnance Officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list,
497. ڳдڰᵽԵб
498. but the steepening angle of the decks increased.
498. װбӡ
499. Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as cargo, ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship.
499. ڡѹҩ400˺һбʱϵĹĺ졣
500. The lower gun-ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship's fate.
500. ²ûˮӿյˮŴѵĶˡ
501. In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying-in the harbour of her birth.
501. Ҫͳβ޵ĺĴսţ׳ʱ̣ȫƮĲ죬ûĸۿڡ
502. This is a sceptical age,
502. һһеʱ
503. but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened,
503. ȻǶŵѲ̫ţ
504. our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same a theirs.
504. ǶƿװҩƷЧ汲һᶨ
505. This modern faith in medicines is proved the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.
505. ŵĴҩ֣Ŀǰֹͣļʵ֤ʵִ˶ҩ
506. The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel
506. ҽԺﲿĴ˾ã
507. that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine,
507. ܴһЩüŵҩһƿҩˮһҩ衢һСƿҩؼҵĻûõ˳ֵơ
508. a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment,and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements.
508. ҽҲǳΪǰṩҪõҩ
509. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients then by giving them what they are asking for,
509. Ҫʲô͸ʲôûб˸ķˡ
510. and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked
510. ΪŵĴҽɹ
511. and have little time for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as
511. ûжʱһЩȷʱֲ˻ӭҸ棬
512. diet, right living, and the need for abandoning bad habits etc., the bottle, the box, and the jar are almost always granted them.
512. עʳйɣҪ˷ϰߵȵȣǰƿҩҩҩ˶´󼪡
513. Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who was such faith in the bottle of medicine.
513. ֻЩ֪ûܹý˲ҩƿӡ
514. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle's.
514. ˵˹.йôһ£˵Ѻ.̩ղˣȥ´װӲʱʣµһƿҩ
515. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained,
515. ֪ҩƿװʲôҩ
516. of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering,
516. ֪ѵõʲô
517. and of what had previously been wrong with his wife,
517. Ҳ֪ǰõʲô
518. but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another,
518. ֻ֪һҩһֲкô϶һֲҲкô
519. and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor's house.
519. 뵽ܶеοǼææ˺.̩յļ
520. History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did.
520. Ƿҩƣʷûмأܿܽˡ
521. The great advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste,
521. ҩŵǣʱһŻζ⣬Էҩ˱Ҫ
522. and that is what all patients demand of their doctors -- to be cured at no inconvenience to themselves.
522. Ҳǲ˶ҽҪ -- ҪκãҪ̫鷳
523. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century,
523. ƳĽͨߣ
524. the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
524. Ҫ洬ˡ
525. In 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell,
525. 1953꣬һλ50п˹и.ƿ׵ԭӹʦ
526. who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads,
526. ŵ˿ĺ촬ҵ
527. suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years to the British Government and industrial circles.
527. Ӣ͹ҵоһƻ
528. It was the idea of supporting a craft on a 'pad', or cushion, of low-pressure air, ringed with a curtain of higher pressure air.
528. ǣһѹ֧Ŵ壬Χøѹơ
529. Ever since, people have had difficulty in deciding whether the craft should be ranged among ships, planes, or land vehicles -- for it is something in between a boat and an aircraft.
529. ԺǺѾǷӦýعΪִɻ½ϽͨߣΪǽڴͷɻ֮䡣
530. As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of a surface ship's power and limits its speed.
530. Ϊһʦƿ׶ѰҽķΪ˷ѵ˴ˮʻĴӶ˴ٶȡ
531. His answer was to lift the vessel out of the water by a great number of ring-shaped air jets on the bottom of the craft.
531. Ľ취ǰѴˮ棬ôһʻֻһӢߺ񡣴װϴ״ʵһĿġ
532. It 'flies', therefore, but it cannot fly higher -- its action depends on the surface, water or ground, over which it rides.
532. ܷˣɲߡķ޾ˮ档
533. The first tests on the Solent in 1959 caused a sensation.
533. 1959꣬غϿе״Ժ˺䶯
534. The hovercraft travelled first over the water, then mounted the beach, climbed up the dunes, and sat down on a road.
534. 洬ˮʻֵϺɳͣ·ϡ
535. Later it crossed the Channel, riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no problem.
535. 洬ԽӢϿƽڲϷʻ˲ٲ
536. Since that time, various types of hovercraft have appeared and taken up regular service.
536. Ժ󣬸ָ洬ˣʼ˶ںз
537. The hovercraft is particularly useful in large areas with poor communications such as Africa or Australia;
537. 洬ڷޡĴǵȽͨرá
538. it can become a 'flying fruit-bowl', carrying bananas from the plantations to the ports;
538. ܳΪˮӡ㽶ֲ԰ۿڡ
539. giant hovercraft liners could span the Atlantic;
539. ͵ֻܿԽ
540. and the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain',
540. δĻ𳵻ܳΪ𳵡
541. riding on its air cushion over a single rail, which it never touches, at speeds up to 300 m.p.h.
541. ڵʻӴʱٿɴÿСʱ300Ӣ
542. Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow water close to the land.
542. 100ǰֻ֪ǶάƽεģԼ½ǳˮǳһܸдΣա
543. The open sea was deep and mysterious, and anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea bad was flat.
543. ޱ޼ʵĺأ󺣺׵˴ŶΪƽ̹ġ
544. Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839, but it was not until of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom.
544. 1839꣬ղķ˹..˹ʿúˮȳ2400ӢѰֱ1869꣬ʼѧӢŽͧ˼Ѳ󣬲ڴһˮȣͬʱܹھ򺣵ףȡо׵
545. Shortly after this the famous H. M. S. Challenger expedition established the study of the sea-floor as a subject worthy of the most qualified physicists and geologists.
545. ˺󲻾ãӢġսߡŽͧԺ׵Ǵο죬ѶԺоȷΪһֵһѧҺ͵ѧҴµо⣬
546. A burst of activity associated with the laying of submarine cables soon confirmed the challenger's observation that many parts of the ocean were two to there miles deep,
546. 躣׵µȳ֤ܿʵˡսߡŵĹ۲кܶطӢ
547. and the existence of underwater features of considerable magnitude.
547. ˮ켫
548. Today, enough soundings are available to enable a relief map of the Atlantic to be drawn and we know something of the great variety of the sea bed's topography.
548. 㹻ˮһŴ׵ͼҶԺ׵εǧҲһ˽⡣
549. Since the sea covers the greater part of the earth's surface,
549. Ȼ󸲸ŵĴ󲿷ֱ棬
550. it is quite reasonable to regard the sea floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with, superimposed upon, it the continents, together with the islands and other features of the oceans.
550. ȫɰѺؿǵĻģǣ渽Ŵ½Լͺ̬
551. The continents form rugged tablelands which stand nearly three miles above the floor of the open ocean.
551. ½᫲ƽĸߵأ߳ĺ󺣵׽Ӣ
552. From the shore line, out a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles, runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents.
552. Ӻ켸ӢﵽӢǴ½£ӵѧ˵Ǵ½һ֡
553. The real dividing line between continents and oceans occurs at the foot a steeper slope.
553. ½ͺֽڶƽ¡
554. This continental slope usually starts at a place somewhere near the 100-fatheom mark and in the course of a few hundred miles reaches the true ocean floor at 2,500-3,500 fathoms.
554. ½һǴӲ100ӢѰˮĵطʼģһֱ쵽ӢԶ25003500ĵطĺס
555. The slope averages about 1 in 30.
555. ¶ƽԼΪ1/30
556. but contains steep, probably vertical, cliffs, and gentle sediment-covered terraces,
556. а͵ġֱͱںͳ︲ǵĻ͵Ľݵش
557. and near its lower reaches there is a long tailing-off which is almost certainly the result of material transported out to deep water after being eroded from the continental masses.
557. شĵʹǺܳһβɳضΣϿԶ϶ضǴ½ʴʱˮ嵽ˮγɵġ
558. Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimension.
558. ԵܵļȡڶķӦ
559. That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts;
559. ܱ˵ѵܾ
560. certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions.
560. ͵ƷȻƽƷҪѡ
561. Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind.
561. äȡɫäҪöࡣ
562. The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape;
562. ѧĶֱֻͯά̬
563. it cannot judge distances, depths. Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensonal distances.
563. жϾȡأȫʵҪͯ뷢չͨжάռ
564. But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.
564. ǡ󲿷ʵҪ󣬾Ͳټչˡ
565. Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form,
565. ȻǶƽεĸоܴﵽ൱׼ȷĳ̶ȣ
566. they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
566. û͸ϽһŬȥڿռ̬
567. This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness.
567. ܼҾͱһ㡣ڿռеԡ
568. He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.
568. ˵һʱСΣõһĸͺȫԼһ
569. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself;
569. ĴܴΧĸǶȹ临ӵ
570. he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like,
570. һʱ֪һǸʲôӡ
571. he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight;
571. ġΪһ塣
572. he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape displaces in the air.
572. ʶǾ״пռĿռ䡣
573. And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence.
573. ˣĵܹҲѧΪоҪӡȥ
574. He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.
574. Ϊ߱оһһʵ̬ȫʳָо
575. And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.
575. ʵ壬磬ǡҡӡӡ򽡢Ģɽ塢ࡢܲɡ١ȸư桢«έԼͷҲӦо
576. From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms of combinations of several forms.
576. Щ߿ɽһ۲Ϊӵϡ
577. In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy;
577. ٤ʱǼսġ
578. but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective.
578. ǣǳѧϵķƽϢڽ̷ͥͻǽҲȷʵؿ
579. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
579. ֮£ڿѧʷ˵٤ִֻűһµ⡣
580. The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.
580. ˸˵ǣȥ٤ԵĿӡ
581. He was, above all, a man who experimented:
581. Ǹʵ鹤ߣ
582. who despised the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians,
582. ʿѧɵƫͿն鱾֪ʶ
583. who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly.
583. Ȼ⣬󵨵صóۡ
584. He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together.
584. ǵһԶ׼յˣ۲쵽۾԰ʿºһƷ
585. He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top,
585. Ǹϱбˣ
586. who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.
586. Ǹʹб¹Ȼ󽫶ʵ嶨ɵˡ
587. But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.
587. ǣǸʱ˽⣬ԿѧҸѧǱʶΪݣһϸоͻἫظı٤ԵĿ
588. Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged.
588. 죬Ȼѹʵ٤Լͨ׶Уڿѧʷм䣬һµĸӸӵ٤ˡ
589. At the same time our sympathy fro Galileo's opponents as grown somewhat.
589. ͬʱǶ٤ԵķɵͬҲӡ
590. His telescopic observations are justly immortal;
590. ٤ԶĹ۲ȷʵǲģ
591. they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.
591. Щ۲쵱ʱǼȤҪ壬ʾǱǱ
592. But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument?
592. ǣ뵽һܱ޵ԶҪڵľͶԼϤ̶ȣôôȥ𱸹۲յûп٤ĶЩأ
593. Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen-forties were scratches left by the grinder?
593. ĳλѧܾʹ٤ԵԶȥ۲գ1940Ӳ˹ѫ߱Զ۲⵽״˵ĥµĥۡѵ٤Եѧұڮ˹ѫҥӦܵǴ
594. We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth;
594. ǻһ٤֮ǰڼ䣬澵һֱһڲӰǲİϷװãôǾͻԭЩʱ٤Թ۲쵽ľ˵٤СԶǣ
595. and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them?
595. οһƬ澵ͿȻô٤ԵƬ澵Ȼָöأ
596. Education is one of the key words of our time.
596. ʱĹؼ֮һ
597. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
597. ˶ţһûܹˣ澳Ʒ20͵ԽĻ֮һ
598. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders.
598. ִýҪԣԽͶʣջصġϢ֪ʶŮ꣬Щ˿ܳΪδĶ
599. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
599. ѧ˾ĵذţԽ̿ -- Щ򵽵ǻԴȪ -- ǿݣǸʲôأ
600. So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births -- but our spiritual outlook would be different.
600. ٣ЩǿԿ϶ģȻǻҽʦʦͱ桢ǵľòһӡ
601. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens.
601. ǲӡϺݡüԡʵѧͬദ
602. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable.
602. ǵĽƶȷЧû鼮ĹŴǵѧԺпóʽˡ
603. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all;
603. ڲУͨͳ̳е֪ʶΪ˹ڸеÿһԱ
604. it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
604. ϽܵйĽȵġ
605. It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain.
605. ִͼָġƽ𲽡״
606. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all.
606. ԭʼĻУѰͽܴͳȫԼ
607. There are no 'illiterates' -- if the term can be applied to peoples without a script
607. ûСä۶ûֵĻ
608. while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876,and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations.
608. ǵΪڵ¹1642꣬ڷ1806꣬Ӣ1876ꡣ
609. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
609. ˵˶ôʱ֮ǲʶбҪȷǵĺжٸɡߡ֪ʶ
610. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.
610. ĽǮ⣬
611. All are entitled to an equal start.
611. е˶ƽ𲽵Ȩ
612. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality.
612. ûǽеĴææԵȫ淢չ
613. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent;
613. ĺʱ޿̲ڸĸػ³ɳ
614. therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'.
614. ˣֺͻ֪ʲôС그
615. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children,
615. ûбҪıԲ˹ܵ⣬
616. and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
616. ҲڸΪ֧öѵ⡣
617. Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed.
617. ҳԼѵļʱܸеΪԼҵķˡҾߣ޴úӿԼķա
618. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents.
618. 𱸺Ӳң߽ЩСѼҳĻ
619. Such loss of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part to their parents about the place or people they visit.
619. ҳʧݺͺʹഺڵĺӴΪ𾪣Ժĸȥĵطͼˡ
620. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything,
620. Ҫܾ,ҳͻᱧԹؿƿʲôҲǣ
621. but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.
621. ⲻ֪ҵġ
622. Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.
622. ܼҳƷжôãΪĸжôϸ񣬺ǶԼҳĳ̶ֳǲɱġ
623. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation.
623. Ǹĸ⣬ӶԸĸ۹ߣֹۺָסʵĿ顣
624. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child.
624. ʶǵԺӲôӰ죬ôҳΪԾܸжġ
625. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment,
625. ҳַӦ˼׼ʶźڳڷչĹ۲ж
626. they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
626. ôǾͲģҲͲԹ޺͵ִַӦѺƵԼĶȥ
627. The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust.
627. ᰮϣܹϴ֪Լòƽ򲻹ĸĸ𾴵ģ
628. What the child cannot forgive is the parent's refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.
628. ԭµǣĸˣҲˣĸĻϳϡ
629. Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude;
629. άʱĸĸΪǿɿȨάԼϣ
630. in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt.
630. ʵǸеġֻŵòøĸ֪Լ뷨ˡ
631. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent.
631. ȻһˣܵӺͼҳ˫̬ȶȽ϶
632. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.
632. ²ȡʵ̬ǱȽǺ׵ģܻʱʹࡣ
633. The Moon is likely to become the industrial hub of the Solar System, supplying the rocket fuels fro its ships, easily obtainable from the lunar rocks in the from of liquid oxygen.
633. ܿܳΪ̫ϵĹҵġϵʯкҺ̬Ϊɴȼϡ
634. The reason lies in its gravity.
634. ԭ
635. Because the Moon has only an eightieth of the Earth's mass,
635. Ϊֻе1/8
636. it requires 97 per cent less energy to travel the quarter of a million miles from the Moon to Earth-orbit than the 200 mile-journey from Earth's surface into orbit!
636. ˣ򵽵25ӢĵҪȴӵ200Ӣ97%
637. This may sound fantastic, but it is easily calculated.
637. ţȴ׼
638. To escape from the Earth in a rocket, one must travel at seven miles per second.
638. Ҫһö򣬻ٶҪﵽÿ7Ӣ
639. The comparable speed from the Moon is only 1.5 miles per second.
639. Ӧٶʷÿ1.5Ӣ
640. Because the gravity on the Moon's surface is only a sixth of Earth's (remember how easily the Apollo astronauts bounded along),
640. ǵ1/6 -- ǵð޷ɴеԱɵԾ --
641. it takes much less energy to accelerate to that 1.5 miles per second than it does on Earth.
641. ϼٵÿ1.5ӢڵԴҪٵöࡣ
642. Moon-dwellers will be able to fly in space at only three per cent of the cost of similar journeys by their terrestrial cousins.
642. ̫εķýǵѷԽͬ·õ3%
643. Arthur C. Clark once suggested a revolutionary idea passes through three phases:
643. ɪ.C.飬һִµ뷨Ҫ3׶Σ
644. 'It's impossible -- don't waste my time.'
644. 1 ܣҪ˷ҵʱ䡣
645. 'It's possible, but not worth doing.'
645. 2 ܣֵ
646. 'I said it was a good idea all along.'
646. 3 һֱ˵Ǹ뷨
647. The idea of colonising Mars -- a world 160 times more distant time the Moon -- will move decisively from the second phase to the third, when a significant number of people are living permanently in space.
647. ൱Եס̫գǵļƻ -- һԶ160 -- Ϳȷشӵ2׶ν3׶Ρ
648. Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers.
648. ǶδǼÿ˵
649. America, Russia and Europe are filled with enthusiasts -- many of them serious and senior scientists -- who dream of sending people to it.
649. ˹ŷ޶Ĵҵ -- еĲĿѧңһֱŰϻǡ
650. Their aim is understandable.
650. ǵĿǿġ
651. It is the one world in the Solar System that is most like the Earth.
651. ̫ϵӽһǡ
652. It is a world of red sandy deserts (hence its name -- the Red Planet), cloudless skies, savage sandstorms, chasms wider than the Grand Canyon and at least one mountain more than twice as tall as Everest.
652. һɫɳĮ磨ɫǣƵգ͵ɳȴϿȻѷ죬һɽĽߡ
653. It seems ideal for settlement.
653. ܺʾס
654. If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together.
654. һʵϴڷ״̬ʹ֮ˡ
655. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country.
655. һĿ֧ӶӦؼ˿չҵǲ־Դ
656. And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country.
656. ӦǣһƶĹǲֲǺ޵ġ
657. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.
657. øߵĵطڷչҾõʽͻӦؼ١
658. This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise.
658. ѹҵ״ͬ˽ҵ״ԱȽϣͿԿ⡣
659. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business.
659. һҵΪ˼Ӫò֧һķúͿ
660. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost of managing and administering the business.
660. ǵĿĶԣֻһַ -- ҵѡ
661. Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation.
661. һҵ֧һҵõĿ֧
662. The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm.
662. ҵеÿ˶ϵΪҵôҵĹþͻή͵Ӧĳ̶ȡ
663. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities.
663. ҵÿ˶ŵù˶渺
664. and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low.
664. ڸԵĹΧڷԣþͻή͡
665. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job,
665. õĽ͵ԭǣÿֻҪһȥɣ
666. then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly.
666. òһ˼鹤³̣йʿ㱨Ĺ
667. As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting he expense of administration, will fall;
667. ǣҵ˭ҲԹְǹҵͻĹԱԱʹԱþͻӦӡ
668. and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.
668. ˣôڿ۳úҵͽˡڷֺĽڽغͷչͶʾӦؼˡ
669. It is precisely the same with a nation.
669. һҵҲȫͬ
670. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner,
670. ְأֹأܵ
671. the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order.
671. ôͲҪľְԱȥʹط
672. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly.
672. ǣһҴڷ״̬жڹңôͲòмලͿơ
673. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.
673. ˣһڷѵĹұҪ֧ߵá
674. At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous.
674. 12ʱʢʱڡ
675. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence;
675. Ȼʱ˵ġдչƣ
676. but at this age the likelihood of death is least.
676. ĿС
677. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable;
677. һЩ׶Сӣϴ
678. later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour and resistance which,
678. ٳһЩǾҪ͵ֿ˥˵Ĺ̡
679. though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer,
679. ȻԾ죬
680. however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us.
680. ջἱתֱ£ԼҽǽоչˣҲ޷ٻȥˡ
681. This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing.
681. ʱʧ˥˽˥ϡ
682. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way,
682. ෢ֵһʵǣ˱Ȼ˥ϡ
683. that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually 'die of old age',
683. ʹܱܿս¹ʺ͸ּҲᡰ
684. and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty.
684. ˥ϵٶ֮΢6580֮䣬
685. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer -- on into a ninth or tenth decade.
685. Щ˻һЩ᳤һЩ -- ʮʮ꣬
686. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.
686. ֿԺСǶôˣô׳ϣĳʵ޶ȵġ
687. Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it.
687. ˥ϵḶ́ǣһѣŻ
688. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident,
688. ǶҪ˥ϵ󲢲İʶʱʧɥʧӽǲԶģ
689. like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes.
689. һˮһ˫Ьĥһ
690. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things 'wear out'.
690. ǲʶеĶҲʶелľ汾ı˵ᡰĥ
691. Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough;
691. ͨĴʹǻ㹻õĻҲһ˥ϵġ
692. and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present).
692. ϽֱĻеװã̫ҲˣĿǰۣ
693. But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages.
693. Щ˥ϵͬ˲ơ
694. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending.
694. ֱͣȻֱֻϺ÷Ȼһֻϵֱĥ̫ϵһ׼ˣղֵˡ
695. But a watch could never repair itself -- it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction.
695. ǣֱĲɣɽɣĥĥ
696. We could, at one time, repair ourselves --well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents.
696. ˣһʱǿ޸ģ˱¹⣬Կ˷һм¹ʡ
697. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power;
697. 1280֮䣬ɥʧ
698. an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.
698. ʹ12ʱļ80ܻʹһʲĹܱ12ʱʢôǵеһ˹700Żȥʣµһٹ700꣬Żּһ롣
699. Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation close to water sources,
699. ˮԴȾͨڽӽˮԴĵط̫ɵģ
700. sewage disposal into the sources themselves, leakage of sewage into distribution systems or contamination with industrial or farm waste.
700. ˮˮԴˮˮϵͳũҵˮȾ
701. Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.
701. ʹܵˮϵͳˮԴȫģˮͷʱͲһǰȫˡ
702. Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.
702. ϶ˮӦñΪǷǳɵġ
703. Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source.
703. ;еˮʲյĵʱӦˮͷˮδκԴˮ
704. It is best to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names -- international standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants.
704. ýÿˮƿװװˮ -- װƿͨѭˮı׼
705. Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer.
705. ̼Եģ͸ȫһЩ
706. Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry.
706. ȷƿǵ濪ģƿ
707. Boiling is always a good way of treating water.
707. տһֱˮһֺð취
708. Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth.
708. еľƵҪṩˮЩˮúˢ
709. Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available.
709. ĵѹˮıЯʽˮװõġ
710. Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source.
710. ӦлκβԴ
711. Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made,
711. ֻеˮȫʱǱյģ
712. and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe.
712. ֻ֪鰲ȫʱܼϡ
713. Drink can be cooled by placing them on ice rather than adding ice to them.
713. ԰ڱ֮ȴǰѱӽ֮С
714. Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant,but should not be relied upon to sterilize water.
714. ƾҽѧϵˮ
715. Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70 per cent;
715. ҴŨΪ50%70%ʱȽЧ
716. below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible.
716. Ũȵ20%ʱɱϾͲˡ
717. Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol.
717. ǿȱΪ95ľк47%ľƾ
718. Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous, and should never be added to drinking water.
718. Ҫ׻ƾǾ綾ģԶܲˮ
719. If no other safe supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink.
719. ûȫˮˮֵˮȴˮһǰȫġ
720. I have known very few writers,
720. ҵʶ޼
721. but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they the are going when they first set pen to paper.
721. Ȼʶ𾴵ңǶʱҪдʲôôд
722. They have a character, perhaps two; they are in that condition of eager discomfort which passes for inspiration;
722. ֻһɫǴڼв״̬С
723. all admit radical changes of destination once the journey has begun;
723. ޲ϣһó̡ʼĿĵءмı仯
724. one, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands.
724. ֪λһ9µʱдһؿʲ׶С˵ȴ±ոߵء
725. I never heard of anyone making a 'skeleton', as we were taught at school.
725. Ҵδ˵κһλѧУ
726. In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began.
726. ǰʲô١ڼ޸ġ˼ʱ䡢ڡͷдĹУزкܶණնʱδʶġ
727. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination.
727. лļӹﵽѰҷֵľ磬ԱĹ˼
728. A blurred image appears; he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone;
728. һʵҵԺһʣһʣ󷴶ˣ
729. but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it.
729. ǣʲôţ׽ǲݵġ
730. Sometimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written.
730. ʱһһдˣ˷Բɢ
731. I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books;
731. ˵һЩңԼ⣬һŲ
732. like adolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom the exact outline of the vision before them.
732. ϣλƯ꣬վھǰܱĿ
733. For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around them.
733. ԭੲݵ̸Լ飬ھ޵ĺ壬ѯΧ˵ķӦ
734. Of course a writer doing this is misunderstood: he might as well try to explain a crime or a love affair.
734. µȻ⡣˽һﰸһ¡
735. He is also, incidentally, an unforgivable bore.
735. ˳˵һ䣬ҲǸˡᷳˡ
736. This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader,
736. ͼԼͶ֮
737. to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.
737. ͼò˽Լ˵Ĺ۵оԼᵼҵĻΪѾʼΪȡ˶дˡ
738. A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow.
738. һǰһλӢҷпϵĿ˵ǲŻԺ
739. For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within.
739. ҲԭͬκһҲϢĳҲͻʹԼõݡκξ˵жҲȲĵȷжϡ
740. A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his heart;
740. һҴĵͷ
741. he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any critic dreamed of,
741. Ӧðκۼ񲻵淶ԼԼд
742. and when he flirts with fame, he is taking time off from living with himself, from the search for what his world contains at its inmost point.
742. ʱ˶Լ̽
743. Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity.
743. Ǵ󺣺ͿභĲ޵һֲϵı־
744. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life.
744. ̫̼˵Ĵ㣬ʹʼ࣬
745. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message.
745. Ȼ󣬷̫ס˴󺣣ò˵ʽϢ -- һԴŶϢ
746. These ocean waves are among the earth's most complicated natural phenomena.
746. ЩڵӵȻ
747. The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave),
747. ǵĻ˷壨˵ߵ㣩
748. a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest),
748. ȣ͵㣩˸ߣӲȵ˷Ĵֱ룩
749. a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests),
749. ˷ˮƽ룩
750. and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).
750. ڣ߹һʱ䣩
751. Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction,
751. Ȼ˸˵ӡһˮɵǽѹ
752. in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was.
752. ʵϣ˴ˮƹˮԭ
753. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results.
753. ˮһƶĻô󺣺ͺеĶͻ򰶱߼ӿԵԺ
754. An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave,
754. ˮĺʹˮϵһ΢һֽԲεĹƶȰ΢ǰƶĺˣ
755. then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again.
755. ȻϲˣŲƶȻ -- ˰΢ʱ -- ֻص㡣
756. From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other 'living' thing.
756. ӳ쵽˺κΡСĶһڹͬķ
757. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.
757. һ÷ǷĸԣֱڽĴ
758. The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun.
758. Ĳ3Ȼعɵģ硢˶̫
759. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.
759. һγɣǳͼʹ渴ԭΪƽ
760. Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may respectively the tough and the gentle.
760. ѱҪķǷֱ֮ΪǿӲᷨ
761. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.
761. ǿӲȥɻ˳Ϊֹ
762. Apart from moral considerations this is a stupid method of training,
762. Ҳ˵⣬Ȿһ޴ѵ
763. for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.
763. ΪַѵʹﷴУԺĳʱڿܻ˵Ķ
764. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages,
764. ᷨҪ׶αֽϴģ
765. but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
765. ַѵ졢Ƣ˳ʵΪ˷Ĵ
766. The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job.
766. ѱҪָһרŵѱԱȫ渺
767. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection.
767. ͹һϲһרһˣһ˲൱˽˸顣
768. There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer.
768. Ĺ£ѵһСڲɱǵ˷󣬾ܾʳ
769. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt,
769. ּ˵䲻ȫţ
770. but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
770. ǿһԭѱԱ֮ĹϵѱɹĹؽ
771. The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years,
771. ׽1520֮ĴѱΪá
772. for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away.
772. ܸػԺܿĿ֧
773. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very time man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages.
773. ѱ˿ʼ׶Ҫһλǿ֡
774. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches,
774. ˩ϵĴÿ߽ʱͻǰͳ岢У
775. and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear.
775. һڶڷŭͿ־ܾʳ
776. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence,
776. ʱһͷѱ˩ԱܸҰġ
777. and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food.
777. ڴ£ղſʼʳ
778. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment,
778. һǰѵ
779. a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.
779. һֵ£Ҫ˩ͷѱĴɡ
780. When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced.
780. ֻͬʱѵʱͨǰµİͷѵúܺõĴм䣬
781. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions.
781. ȻԳʳˮһҪԱӦ¾ӵգҿԼͬûзԼµ¡
782. When it is eating normally, its own training begins.
782. ʳˣѵͿʼ
783. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point.
783. ѱԱֳһзͷĳվǰ
784. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side,
784. λѱıϣ²
785. while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant.
785. ˳ŵĸָƤ
786. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets.
786. ˵ΪʹĸоΪ˼ǿЧ
787. The elephant is not son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my mother', according to the age and sex of the captive.
787. Ա𣬸еţ硰ҵĺӡҵİְ֡ҵ衱
788. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments,however,
788. Ȼ󲻻̱Щֺõж
789. and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions.
789. ñӳҵ˦
790. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick,
790. ѵԱҪзĳ־ٶ
791. and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
791. ۵þԺͺñȥˡ
792. An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning.
792. ҹС͵кˡ
793. It was necessary, therefore, to invent instruments that neither slumbered nor slept.
793. ˣбҪһȲҲ˯
794. Some devices were quite simple.
794. Щװ÷ǳ򵥡
795. One, for instance, consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses with would stand up end like ninepins.
795. 磬һװһЩ̡ϸͬľɣϷľһţ
796. When a shock came, it shook the rigid table upon which these stood.
796. һе𣬾ͻڼӲϵľ
797. If it were gentle, only the more unstable rods fell.
797. ΢ֻвȶľ£
798. If it were severe, they all fell.
798. ңеľ¡
799. Thus the rods, by falling, and by the direction in which they fell, recorded for the slumbering scientist the strength of a shock that was too weak to waken him, and the direction from which it came.
799. ڵ̫δѿѧʱľµĶٺ͵µķΪѧҼ¼˵ǿȺ͵
800. But instruments far more deliecate than that were needed if any really serious advance was to be made.
800. ǣҪȡشĽչҪбװþϸö
801. The ideal to be aimed at was to devise an instrument that could record with a pen on paper, the movements of the ground or of the table as the quake passed by.
801. ĿƳһʱñֽϼ¼´غ˶
802. While I write my pen moves, but the paper keeps still.
802. дʱƶģֽǾֹġ
803. With practice, no doubt, I could in time learn to write by holding the pen still while the paper moved.
803. ʣϰܹѧʲֽд֡
804. That sounds a silly suggestion,
804. ƺһ޴뷨
805. but that was precisely the idea adopted in some of the early instruments (seismometers) for recording earthquake waves.
805. ڼ¼𲨵ǣǲ˼·
806. But when table, penholder and paper are all moving, how is it possible to write legibly?
806. ǣӡбװáֽƶʱôдأ
807. The key to a solution of that problem lay in an everyday observation.
807. Դǵճ۲ҵĴ𰸡
808. Why does a person standing in a bus or train tend to fall when a sudden start is made?
808. һվڹϣͻȻʱΪʲô㵹أ
809. It is because his feet move on, but his head stays still.
809. ΪĽŶˣͷžֹ
810. A simple experiment will help us a little further.
810. һ򵥵ʵ԰ǽһ⡣
811. Tie a heavy weight at the end of a long piece of string.
811. һ˩һӵһˣ
812. With the hand held high in the air, hold the string so that the weight nearly touches the ground.
812. ָ߸߾ڿסӣＸӴ档
813. Now move the hand to and fro and around but not up and down.
813. ȻǰԼתڶҪ°ڶ
814. It will be found that the weight moves but slightly or not at all.
814. ֣ᷢǶˣúСû
815. Imagine an earthquake shock shaking the floor, the paper, you and your hand.
815. ٶˣذ塢ֶֽᶯ
816. In the midst of all this movement, the weight and the pen would be still.
816. Ще˶Уͱȴ
817. But as the paper moved from side to side under the pen point, its movement would be recorded in ink upon its surface.
817. ֽڱ˶ֽıͻīˮ¼µذ˶
818. It was upon this principle that the first instruments were made,
818. һԭĵ
819. but while the drum was being shaken, the line that the pen was drawing wriggled from side to side.
819. ֽǾõԲͲϵġֻҪһжǾֹģʾͻỮһֱߣ
820. The apparatus thus described,however, records only the horizontal component of the wave movement, which is, in fact, much more complicated.
820. ǣԲͲܵ𶯣߾ͻͻҰڶ
821. it would be more like that of a bluebottle path described by a particle,such as a sand grain in the rock,
821. ܿʯһɳӵ˶켣
822. it would be more like that of a bluebottle buzzing round the room;
822. Ǿһֻ˽еͷӬڷеĹ켣
823. it would be up and down, to and fro and from side to side.
823. ֳ¡ػء3ʵ˶
824. Instruments have been devised and can be so placed that all three elements can be recorded in different graphs.
824. ƳһЩһİŷʽͿɲ˶ͼ
825. When the instrument is situated at more than 700 miles from the earthquake centre,
825. װھԴ700ӢԶĵط
826. the graphic record shows three waves arriving one after at short intervals.
826. ߼¼ʾǰͬ3ֵ𲨡
827. The first records the arrival of longitudinal vibrations.
827. ȼ¼µ򲨵ĵ
828. The second marks the arrival of transverse vibrations which travel more slowly and arrive several minutes after the first.
828. Ȼ¼µǺ򲨵ĵ򲨱򲨴򲨵Ӻܵ
829. These two have travelled through the earth.
829. ֲǴġ
830. It was from the study of these that so much was learnt about the interior of the earth.
830. ǴֲеоУǿ˽⵽ڲ
831. The third, or main wave, is the slowest and has travelled round the earth through the surface rocks.
831. ֲģΧƵͨʯġ
832. We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life,
832. оԴĹǱȻóĽۣ
833. that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.
833. һǺǵƣǼ϶
834. Of all the planets in our solar system, we ware now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive.
834. ĿǰԿ϶ǣ̫ϵУܴڵΨһǡ
835. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen,
835. ̫ȱ
836. Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury,
836. ̫ȣˮҲһ
837. and the outer planets have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres.
837. ֮⣬̫ϵǵ¶ȶӽȣΧΪĴ㡣
838. But other suns, start as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like our own, and as is the number of stars in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty.
838. ǣ̫ѧ˵ĺǣ϶ǵһǡΪкǵĿӴԴŲֿǿ϶ɵġ
839. There are one hundred thousand million starts in our own Milky Way alone, and then there are exist is now estimated at about 300 million million.
839. ǵϵ1000ڿǣл30ڸӣϵˣ֪кĿԼ30X1000ڿš
840. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns,
840. ȻѾĳطֻ1%ᷢչɸ߶ȸ̬
841. so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
841. ǵĿôӴȻȻɵ֡
842. If then we are so certain that other intelligent life exists in the universe,
842. Ȼ˼д
843. why have we had no visitors from outer space yet?
843. ôΪʲôδռõĿأ
844. First of all, they may have come to this planet of ours thousands or millions of years ago,
844. ȣǿڼǧǰ򼸰ǰǵ
845. and found our then prevailing primitive state completely uninteresting to their own advanced knowledge.
845. ҷǵʱձŵԭʼ״̬ͬǵȽ֪ʶȻζġ
846. Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio astronomer, argued in Nature that such a superior civilization,
846. һλҪѧɵ.˹ΤڡȻ־Ĺ۵㣺
847. on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization.
847. ˸߼ǵ̫ϵܻܿ뿪̫ϵʱԶźװãȴȽľѡ
848. Such a messenger, receiving our radio and television signals, might well re-transmit them back to its home-planet,
848. ԶϢװãڽյǵߵ͵źźȫпܰЩźŷصԭǡ
849. although what impression any other civilization would thus get from us is best left unsaid.
849. Ƕǵʲôӡ󣬻ǲ˵Ϊá
850. But here we come up against the most difficult of all obstacles to contact with people on other planets -- the astronomical distances which separate us.
850. ȻںϵǷָǵľ롣
851. As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average, be 100 light years away.
851. ݺ㣬ƽҲ100֮Զ
852. Radio waves also travel at the speed of light,
852. ߵ粨ҲԹٴġ
853. and assuming such an automatic messenger picked up our first broadcasts of the 1920's,
853. ٶ˵ԶϢװýǶʮͶʮĵһι㲥źţ
854. the message to its home planet is barely halfway there.
854. ôźڷصԭ;иոһ·̡
855. Similarly, our own present primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men,
855. ͬĿǰʹõԭʼѧȻ
856. have no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four light years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light years.
856. вܰ͵4ȥ˵ʮ򼸰ٹԶĵطˡ
857. Fortunately, there is a 'uniquely rational way' for us to communicate with other intelligent beings,
857. ˵ǣһǿԺͨѸϵġΨһķ
858. as Walter Sullivan has put it in his excellent book, We Are not Alone.
858. .ɳǲ¶вġ
859. This depends on the precise radio frequency of the 21-cm wavelength, or 1420 megacycles per second.
859. ͨѸϵҪ21ϲΣÿ1420ܵľȷߵƵʡ
860. It is the natural frequency of emission of the hydrogen atoms in space and was discovered by us in 1951;
860. ƵǿռԭͷŵȻƵʣ1951걻෢ֵġ
861. it must be known to any kind of radio astronomer in the universe.
861. ƵκѧҶӦϤġ
862. Once the existence of this wave-length had been discovered, it was not long before its use as the uniquely recognizable broadcasting frequency for interstellar communication was suggested.
862. һֲʵʴڱ֣ΪǼʼΨһɱϵĹ㲥ƵʾΪڲԶˡ
863. Without something of this kind, searching for intelligences on other planets would be like trying to meet a friend in London without a pre-arranged rendezvous and absurdly wandering the streets in the hope of a chance encounter.
863. ûֶΣҪѰϵͬȥ׶ؼһλѣδԼص㣬Ƶڽι䣬ڴһ
864. Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of great moment.
864. һδΪʲôҪĿ⡣
865. The inner workings of our won brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation,
865. ǾãֻǴڲĻֵо
866. but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace.
866. ڷأֻЩ˾ռߵΪѡ
867. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around.
867. ʵϣ෴
868. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.
868. 緶ΧͳϸԵϰΪɣκһɵΪעĿܸΪô쳣
869. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter.
869. ֻһҪĲ档
870. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
870. ҪǣʵкľصãԼֳļḻɵʽ
871. No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.
871. ûһôƫ۹⿴硣
872. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking.
872. һضϰߡƶȺ˼뷽ʽ硣
873. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes;
873. ѧ̽УҲ޷Խ˶͵Ŀ
874. his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs.
874. ǹαĸȻضĴͳйء
875. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom,
875. Լ.ǳָγɸΪúһԷ׵κӰȣ
876. is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.
876. ͺԵܴʻԼѽѧʱͥɵĴʻ֮ȡ
877. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.
877. һоԷγɵʱıʵǹ۲󻯵˵
878. The life history handed down in his community.
878. ˵ʷӦഫγɵʽ׼
879. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.
879. ׹صʱеķ׾ͿʼľΪ淶
880. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture,
880. ˵ʱǴͳĻһСӣ
881. and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.
881. ˣˣŵϰ߾ϰߣŵŲ¾¡
882. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part.
882. ÿһͬһеĺӺһͬķףڵһߣһŵĺͬķס
883. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom.
883. ûκһȵϷ׵ҪǶ⡣
884. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.
884. ֱ˷׵ĹԺͶԣǲΪҪĸ
885. The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.
885. ֻĳЩűͬʱЩűҷʱԷ׵оȫģŻջ
886. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.
886. ȣκοѧоҪǶԿɹǵزܺ˱ˣƫĳһ档
887. In all the less controversial fields,
887. һС
888. like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae,
888. ơϻʵо
889. the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions.
889. ӦȡоǰйظĲϻ㼯ͬʱעκοֵܳ쳣
890. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say.
890. 磬ַȫѧĹɺȺӵϰԡ
891. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.
891. ֻڶоҪѧڱ仯ϡ
892. Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds.
892. ֻҪͬԭʼˣͬҰˣͬͽ֮е˵˼ռλôѧ䶨˵޷ڡ
893. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition.
893. Ҫﵽһֳĳ̶ȣԼȥھӵš
894. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
894. ʶЩͬǰϵķףҿ˵ǳȻĶһԿǣԼķ׺ķ׶С
895. In man's early days. competition with other creatures must have been critical.
895. ڣľһǱزٵġ
896. But this phase of our development is now finished.
896. չ׶Ѿ
897. Indeed, we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with primitive conditions.
897. ȷʵǽȱԸԭʼʵ;顣
898. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear,
898. Ҷ϶ûִҪҺһֻȥѨһģ
899. and in this I do not think that I stand alone.
899. Ҳţ߲һˡ
900. The last creature to compete with man was the mosquito.
900. 뾺ֻӣ
901. But even the mosquito has been subdued by attention to drainage and by chemical sprays.
901. ȻʹӣҲעˮѧҩƷͱƷˡ
902. Competition between our selves, person against person, community against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was.
902. Ȼ֮սˣ壬ȻڽţҺǰһҡ
903. But the competition of man against man is not the simple process envisioned in biology.
903. ǣ˵ľѧһ򵥹̡
904. It is not a simple competition for a fixed amount of food determined by the physical environment, because the environment that determines our evolution is no longer essentially physical.
904. ѲΪʻĶ
905. Our environment is chiefly conditoned by the things we believe.
905. ǵĻҪŵĶ
906. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes,
906. ĦͼǵγȼƵط
907. both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.
907. ڸԴ½ƣȻԴҲơ
908. Yet their present development is wholly different,
908. ǣطĿǰķչ̶ȫһ
909. not so much because of different people wish to emphasize.
909. ⵹Ϊͬھͷе˼벻ͬ
910. The most important factor in our environment is the state of our own minds.
910. Ҫǿ۵㡣ǻҪؾǵ˼״
911. It is well known that where the white man has invaded a primitive culture, the most destructive effects have come not from physical weapons but from ideas.
911. ֪ǰԭʼĻĵطƻĲɱ˵˼롣
912. Ideas are dangerous.
912. ˼Σյġ
913. The Holy Office knew this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone by.
913. ڽ̷ͥԴǷǳģ˴ǰǰͽ
914. Indeed, the concept of free speech only exists in our modern society
914. ȷɵĸִֻУ
915. because when you are inside a community, you are conditioned by the conventions of the community to such a degree that it is very difficult to conceive of anything really destructive.
915. Ϊһʱŵķϰ߻ϸԼ㣬ʹƻԵ뷨
916. It is only someone looking on from outside that can inject the dangerous thoughts.
916. ֻⲿԹ߲ܹΣյ˼롣
917. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us.
917. ִһ˼Աݻǿܵ£ԴҲɡ
918. I would like to give you an example, but fortunately I cannot do so.
918. ԸΪٸӣҿҾٲ
919. Perhaps it will suffice to mention the unclear bomb.
919. Ҳһº˵֤ˡ
920. Of making the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb,
920. һδӵк˵Ƽ൱ᣬ
921. of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.
921. ˵Ŀԣṩ˵ϸڣô룬⽫εȵӰ졣
922. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history.
922. Ѷʮҳ鱨1952ǰκһǿԸıʷĽ̡ʮҳе˼鱨㵱緭츲أ硣
923. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it.
923. Ǹ뷨Ϊ뷨ȷġ
924. I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain,
924. ҳͼЩֽдĶ
925. but of course outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate,
925. ģΪҺǴһǵϵķˡǴ޶ģʽȥ⣬
926. we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.
926. ֻ΢뿪һҲҪǶ˼롣
927. a gifted American psychologist has said,
927. һλŵѧ˵
928. 'Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.'
928. ǸķʱӾסĳֲֶ֡
929. It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition.
929. £ֺͷ޼µġ
930. The stronger the will, the more futile the task.
930. ־ԽǿңֳԽͽ͡
931. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp.
931. ֻܻͶɴһֶ뾷νֵͷС
932. And if this something else is rightly chosen,
932. ѡúʣ
933. if it really attended by the illumination of another field of interest,
933. ҵȷܵȤϣ
934. gradually, and often quite swiftly,
934. ôأҲǺ˳أ
935. the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.
935. ԭȲʵĽžͻɳָĹ̾ͻῪʼ
936. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man.
936. ˣһ˵һҵమú͸µȤǹصҪ
937. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.
937. Ⲣһ֮Ҳǵƾһ͵¡
938. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process.
938. ϶ȤһڵĹ̡
939. The seeds must by carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.
939. ҪҪʱժȡĹʵǾͱȻѡȻֲֵأҪػ
940. To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.
940. һҪеҸƽӦְãҶȽʵʡ
941. It is no use starting late in life to say: 'I will take an interest in this or that.'
941. ſʼ˵һЩ˻Ǹ˷Ȥ
942. Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort.
942. ûˡԸֻܼӾ羫š
943. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief.
943. һ˿ܻճ޹صĳЩԨ֪ʶûдеõʲôʵο
944. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.
944. ϲûõģϲɵ¡
945. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes:
945. ˵˿ԷΪ3ࣺ
946. those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to hard week's sweat and effort,
946. ˡˡˡ
947. the chance of playing a game of football or baseball or Saturday afternoon.
947. һܿͶ˵ǲʵģ
948. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has beer working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.
948. ͬΪĹͻ6ʿרҵԱ˵δΪ¶ӺҲġ
949. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want,
949. Щ֧һеġˡ
950. who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire
950. ܹΪȾָһ׷Ŀꡣ
951. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion.
951. ǵܣͼĺҴĶǵı
952. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.
952. ͽ͵ġ˵ĳʽļԼһ²ϣʹ
953. It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human being are divided into two classes:
953. Ҳ˵ǵģ͵ġõ˿ԷΪࣺ
954. first, one.
954. һ幤ǹֵˣڶ˵Ĺһ¡
955. Of these the former are the majority.
955. ˵УһǴ
956. They have their compensations.
956. ܹõ
957. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward,
957. ڰ칫һ򹤳ﳤʱ乤Ǵ˳ͣ
958. not only the means of sustenance,
958. ⲻıֶΣ
959. but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.
959. һѰȤǿ򵥵ġ͵ȵȤ
960. But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class.
960. ǣ֮ĳǵڶˣ
961. Their life is a natural harmony.
961. ǵһȻĺг
962. For them the working hours are never long enough.
962. ˵ʱ̫ܲ
963. Each day is a holiday,
963. ÿ춼Ǽգ
964. and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.
964. ͨļȴϧǿƴͷµĹ
965. Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.
965. Ȼ˵Ҫһӣıһգתһעǲȱٵġ
966. Indeed, it may well be that those work is their pleasure are those who and most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.
966. ˵ʵڵģѹܵЩҪÿһʱѹͷƲ
967. Economy is one powerful motive for camping,
967. ͼʡǮ¶ӪһҪ
968. since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it,
968. Ϊ˿ʼʱûһ¶Ӫװ⣬
969. the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.
969. ܷҪסùݿ֧ٵöࡣ
970. But, contrary to a popular assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the greatest.
970. ǣһĿ෴ǽеģҪĶ
971. The man who manoeuvres carelessly into his twenty pounds' worth of space at one of Europe's myriad permanent sites may find himself bumping a Bentley.
971. һλοĵؼݳʻŷӪ֮һ20һλôܻһ
972. More likely, Ford Escort will be hub to hub with Renault or Mercedes, but rarely with bicycles made for two.
972. ܻһ.һŵһ÷˹ͣţ˫г׿
973. That the equipment of modern camping becomes yearly more sophisticated is an entertaining paradox for the cynic,
973. ִ¶Ӫװһһ꽲Щ˵һȤìܵ顣
974. a brighter promise for the hopeful traveler who has sworn to get away from it all.
974. ڷ¶Ӫѷյ˵ȴ˸ǰ
975. It also provides-and some student sociologist might care to base his thesis upon the phenomenon -- an escape of another kind.
975. ѧѧĴѧ¶ӪһʽİʵǵĿĺܿǸݹ۲쵽¶Ӫȥдġ
976. The modern traveller is often a man who dislikes the Splendide and the Bellavista,
976. ִ¶Ӫεڡ˹ϵ¡͡ά˹ĴƵ꣬
977. not because he cannot afford, or shuns their material comforts.
977. ⲢΪǸǮҲΪ˶ܣ
978. but because he is afford of them.
978. ΪǺ¾Ƶꡣ
979. Affluent he may be, but he is by no means sure what to tip the doorman or the chambermaid.
979. ǿܸܺУ˺ͷŮжСѣȴû
980. Master in his own house, he has little idea of when to say boo to a maitre d'hotel.
980. ڼҿˣ֪ʲôʱܶԾƵľʾ
981. From all such fears camping releases him.
981. ¶ӪЩǡ
982. Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists;
982. Ȼ¶ӪرҲ¶Ӫװͷʽȡ˵
983. but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.
983. ¶ӪҲ⣬֪ζԸ
984. There is no superior 'they' in the shape of managements and hotel hierarchies to darken his holiday days.
984. ¶Ӫй˵ġˡ;Ƶĵȼƶ¶Ӫߵļչͳ
985. To such motives, yet another must be added.
985. Զ⣬Ӧһ
986. The contemporary phenomenon of car worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails.
986. ǰȨĶʶ͡
987. To this pleasure camping gives an exquisite refinement.
987. ˿ȥ¶Ӫֿʶһ⾳
988. From one's own front door to home or foreign hills or sands and back again, everything is to hand.
988. Լļųڹɽɳ̲¶ӪȻ󷵻أһжܱ
989. Not only are the means of arriving at the holiday paradise entirely within one's own command and keeping,
989. ȫԼ֮е˽ǵõĹߣ
990. but the means of escape from holiday hel (if the beach proves too crowded, the local weather too inclement) are there, outside -- or, as likely, part of -- the tent.
990. Ҳյ纣̲̫ӣ㹤ߣΪͣ棬ܾ¶Ӫһɲ֡
991. Idealists have objected to the package tour, that the traveller abroad thereby denies himself the opportunity of getting to know the people of the country visited.
991. 񷴶簲һеһһ¶Ӫ˵ַյʹʧȥ˽ȥĻᡣ
992. Insularity and self-containment, it is argued, go hand in hand.
992. ˵խҷǲġ
993. The opinion does not survive experience of a popular Continental camping place.
993. ˵˻ӭŷ¶Ӫվסŵġ
994. Holiday hotels tend to cater for one nationality of visitors especially, sometimes exclusively.
994. ùֻӴһҵߵʱﵽĳ̶ȡ
995. Camping sites, by contrast, are highly cosmopolitan.
995. ¶Ӫפ෴Ǹ߶Եġ
996. Granted, a preponderance of Germans is a characteristic that seems common to most Mediterranean sites;
996. ڴк¶Ӫ¹ռƺǸձȷʵˣ
997. but as yet there is no overwhelmingly specialized patronage.
997. ûرŴ
998. Notices forbidding the open-air drying of clothes, or the use of water points for car washing,
998. ֹ¶ɹ·ֹˮͷϴĲ
999. or those inviting 'our camping friends' to a dance or a boat trip are printed not only in French or Italian or Spanish, but also in English, German and Dutch.
999. ¶ӪѲμᡢ˴۹ӡ־ҲӡӢ
1000. At meal times the odour of sauerkraut vies with that of garlic.
1000. ÷ʱ򣬵¹ݲζʹζɢ
1001. The Frenchman's breakfast coffee competes with the Englishman's bacon and eggs.
1001. ˵㿧ȺӢ˵嵰
1002. Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the eventual death of the more independent kind is hard to say.
1002. ֯¶ӪԷչǷζŽ϶ҷʽ¶Ӫʧ˵
1003. Municipalities naturally want to secure the campers' site fees and other custom.
1003. ֵȻϣ¶ӪߵĳطѺٵĺô
1004. Police are wary of itinerants who cannot be traced to a recognized camp boundary or to four walls.
1004. Щ鲻й̶Ӫػסε߱־衣
1005. But most probably it will all depend upon campers themselves:
1005. ҪĻ¶ӪԼ
1006. how many heath fires they cause; how much litter they leave;
1006. ˶ٳҰ˶
1007. in short, whether or not they wholly alienate landowners and those who live in the countryside.
1007. ֮ǷŪص˺ľͬǷĿ
1008. Only good scouting is likely to preserve the freedoms so dear to the heart of the eternal Boy Scout.
1008. ֻͯӾֲܱͯӾȰĸɡ
1009. There is no shortage of tipsters around offering 'get-rich-quick' opportunities.
1009. Χ鱨ӣṩѸٷ¸Ļ
1010. But if you are a serious private investor, leave the Las Vegas mentality to those with money to fritter.
1010. ǣһ˽ͶߣͰ˹Τ˹̬ЩǮɹӻˡ
1011. The serious investor needs a proper 'portfolio' -- a well-planned selection of investments, with a definite structure and a clear aim.
1011. ͶҪһͶϱ -- һּƻܵͶѡ񣬰ͶʽṹȷĿꡣ
1012. But exactly how does a newcomer to the stock market go about achieving that?
1012. , һƱгһأ
1013. Well, if you go to five reputable stock brokers and ask them what you should do with your money,
1013. ȥ5λĹƱѯѯӦʹʽ
1014. you're likely to get five different answers,
1014. ܵõ5ֲͬĴ𸴣
1015. even if you give all the relevant information about your age age, family, finances and what you want from your investments.
1015. ṩй䡢ͥԴͶлúôϢ
1016. Moral? There is no one 'right' way to structure a portfolio.
1016. ǸûһȫȷķͶϣ
1017. However, there are undoubtedly some wrong ways,
1017. Ȼȴʵмִķ
1018. and you can be sure that none of our five advisers would have suggested sinking all (or perhaps any) of your money into Periwigs.
1018. 5λв˽ȫһݣʽͶ˹˾
1019. So what should you do? We'll assume that you have sorted out the basics -- like mortgages, pensions, insurance and access to sufficient cash reserves.
1019. ôôأǼٶѰѻŪˣѺϽ𡢱սͶֽ𴢱Ļᡣ
1020. You should then establish your own individual aims. These are partly a matter of personal circumstances, partly a matter of psychology.
1020. ȻһҪԼĿꡣһǸĻһǸѧ⡣
1021. For instance, if you are older you have less time to recover from any major losses,
1021. ˵ͽϴشͶʧлָʱͽ٣
1022. and you may well wish to boost your pension income.
1022. ͺϣܹϽ롣
1023. So preserving your capital and generating extra income are your main priorities.
1023. ˣҪǱʽ롣
1024. In this case, you'd probably construct a portfolio with some shares (but not high risk ones),
1024. £ƶһݰĳЩɷݣǷպܴĹɷݣͶϣ
1025. along with gilts, cash deposits, and perhaps convertibles or the income shares of split capital investment trusts.
1025. ͬʱи߶ȿɿ֤ȯֽܻпɻ֤ȯָʱͶй˾ùɡ
1026. If you are younger, and in a solid financial position,
1026. һЩҾ״ɿ
1027. you may decide to take an aggressive approach
1027. ܻȡһֻȡķʽ
1028. but only if you're blessed with a sanguine disposition and won't suffer sleepless nights over share prices.
1028. ԸʣƱ۸ĸҹߡ
1029. If portfolio, alongside your more pedestrian in vestments.
1029. ĻͶаֵǰɣȽƽͶĿһ
1030. Once you have decided on your investment aims, you can then decide where to put your money.
1030. һͶĿȷԺͿԾǮͶδ
1031. The golden rule here is spread your risk
1031. ָԭǣɢͶʷա
1032. if you put all of your money into Periwigs International, you're setting yourself up as a hostage to fortune.
1032. ʽͶ˹ʹ˾ͰԼ˵ʡ
